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Psych230 - 1

Terms

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Multipolar Neuron
A nerve cell that has many dendrites and a single axon -cell body also part of the input zone along with dendrites
histology
The study of tissue structure
Gross Neuroanatomy
anatomical features of the nervous system that are apparent to the naked eye
Neuron (Nerve cell)
the basic unit of the nervous system, each composed: 1. cell body 2. receptive extension(s) - dendrite 3. Transmitting extension (axon)
Neurons: Contiguous or continuous?
Cajal: contiguous (come close enough to each other, but don't touch.) ** this is correct. Continuous *Used Golgi's revolutionary staining techniques
Neuron Doctrine
1. the brain is composed of separate neurons and other cells that are independent structurally, metabolically, and functionally 2. Information is transmitted from cell to cell across tiny gaps (synapses)
Synapse
a cellular location at which information is transmitted from one neuron to another
Glial Cells
(Glia, nueroglia) Nonneural brain cells that provide structural ("glue"), nutritional, and other types of support to the brain
Mitochondrion
a cellular organelle that provides metabolic energy for the cell's processes
Cell Nucleus
The spherical central structure of a cell that contains the chromosomes
Ribosomes
Structures in the cell body where genetic information is translated (proteins are produced)
Dendrites
-"Input zone" -one of the extensions of the cell body that are receptive surfaces of the neuron
Input Zone
The part of a neuron that receives information, from other neurons or from specialized sensory structures. Usually corresponds to the cell's dendrites
Cell body
(Soma) -Region of a neuron that is defined by the presence of the cell nucleus -Integration center
Integration Zone
The part of the neuron that initiates nerve activity if the sum of all inhibitory and excitaroy postsynaptic potentials exceds a threshold value. Usually corresponds to the neuron's axon hillock.
Axon
A single extension from the nerve cell that carries nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons
Conduction Zone
The part of the neuron over which the nerve's electrical signal may be actively propagated. Usually corresponds to the cell's axon.
Axon Terminal
The end of an axon or axon collateral, which forms a synapse on a neuron or other target
Output zone
The part of a neuron, usually corresponding to the axon terminals, at which the cell's electrical activity is conveyed to another cell
Bipolar Neurons
A nerve cell that has a single dendrite at one end and a single axon at the other end -sensory system -cell body also part of input zone along with dendrites
Monopolar Neurons
Single extension (process), usually thought of as an axon, that branches in 2 directions after leaving the cell body. -One end is the receptive pole (input zone) and the other is the output zone
Neurons can be classified by:
1. shape (monopolar, bipolar, multipolar) 2. Size (larger neurons tend to have more complex inputs and outputs, cover greater distances, and/or convey information more rapidly than smaller neurons.) 3. Function
Motoneurons
Motorneurons - axon terminals contact muscles or glands, providing a pathway for the brain and spinal cord to control body movements and organ function
Sensory Neurons
Neurons directly affected by environmental stimuli; they responded to light, a particular odor, or touch.
Interneurons
-vast majority of neurons -receive input from and send their output to other neurons
Types of Glial Cells
1. Astrocyte: a star shaped cell with numerous processes in all directions, weaving among neurons and axons. Responsible for synaptic signaling, formation of new synapses, and the dynamic control of local blood flow (work with neurons) 2. Microglial cell (extremely small glial cells that remove cellular debris from injured or dead cells) 3. Oligodendrocytes (CNS). Contributes sheathing to numerous adjacent axons 4. Schwann Cells
Components of a synapse
1. Presynaptic membrane (axon terminal of presynaptic neuron) 2. Postsynaptic membrane (surface of the dendrite or cell body of the postsynaptic neuron) 3. Synaptic Cleft: gap of about 20-40nm that separates the 2 neurons
Neurotransmitter
(Synaptic transmitter, chemical transmitter) The chemical released from the presynaptic axon terminal that serves as the basis of communication between neurons
Receptor
a protein that captures and reacts to molecules of a transmitter or hormone
Neural plasticity
The property of dendritic spines: the number and structure of the dentritic spines may be rapidly altered by experience, such as training or exposure to sensory stimuli
Peripheral Nervous System
all nervous system parts that are outside the bony skull and spinal column
Central Nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
Nerve
Collection of axons bundled together outside the central nervous system
3 Components to the PNS
1. Cranial Nerves 2. Spinal Nerves 3. Autonomic Nervous system
Dorsal Root
(back) root of a spinal nerve that consists of sensory projections from the body to the spinal cord
Ventral Root
(front) root. Consists of motor projections from the spinal cord to the muscles.
Sympathetic Nervous System
one of the 2 systems that compose the autonomic nervous system. Arises from the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord. *Fight or flight response.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
one of the 2 systems that compose the autonomic nervous system. Arises from both the cranial nerves and the sacral spinal cord.
Gryus
a ridged or raised portion of a convoluted brain surface
Sulcus
A furrow (groove) of a convoluted brain surface
Frontal Lobe
The anterior (front) portion of the cerebral cortex
Parietal Lobe
Large regions of cortex lying between the frontal and occipital lobes of each cerebral hemisphere -sense of touch, motor control
Temporal Lobe
Large lateral cortical regions of each cerebral hemisphere, continuous with the partietal lobes posteriorly, and separated from the frontal lobe by the Sylvian fissure -auditory information, sense of smell, aspects of learning and memory
Occipital Lobe
Large regions of cortex covering much of the posterior part of each cerebral hemisphere
Sylvian Fissure
Lateral Sulcus. Demarcates the temporal lobe
Central Sulcus
divides frontal from parietal lobe
Cerebral Cortex
The outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
crosses the midline and allows communication between the right and left hemispheres
White Matter
shiny layer underneath the cortex that consists largely of axons with white myelin sheaths
affrent
carries information into a region that we are interested in
efferent
carries information away from the region we are interested in
Gray matter
dominated by cell bodies and are devoid of myelin
brainstem
Refers to the midbrain, pons, and medulla
Basal Ganglia
-Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra -important to movement
Limbic System
hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, fornix, septal nuclei, stria terminalis, olfactory bulb, amygdala, and mammillary bodies -important for emotion, learning, and memory
Thalamus
-center of adult brain -almost all sensory information enters the thalamus, where neurons send that information to the overlying cortex
Reticular Formation
-loose aggregation of neurons -sleep and arousal -temperature regulation -motor control

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