Life-Span Development 2
Terms
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- What is Life-Span Development?
- A pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues while alive
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Historical Perspective
3 philisophical views of child development -
1- Original sin
2- Tabula rasa
3- Innate goodness -
Define
Original sin - Middle ages, was believed child was born evil
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Define
Tabula rasa - 17th century, philosopher John Locke, child born as a blank tablet and child developes characteristics thru life experiences
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Define
Innate goodness - 18th century, French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, child is born good and needs to develop naturally with little parental involvement
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Historical Perspective
2 views of Life-Span Development -
Traditional approach-that mostg change occurs between birth and adolescence
Life-Span approach (life-span perspective)-that development occurs throughout life-span -
Life-Span Perspective
7 characteristics: -
1-development is life long
2-multidimensional
3-multidirectional
4-Plastic
5-multidisciplinary
6-contextual
7-development involves growth -
Life-Span Perspective
Define
Development is life-long - individual continues to develop and change from conception to death
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Life-Span Perspective
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Multidimensional - biological, cognitive, socioemotioanl components, each are important for development
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Life-Span Perspective
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Multidirectional - Some components (bio,cog, socioem) may increase or develop while others stagnate. These will flip-flop
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Life-Span Perspective
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Plastic - The capacity for change. Involves the degree to which characteristic remain stable or change
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Life-Span Perspective
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Multidisciplinary - many pros invested in the study of life-span
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Life-Span Perspective
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Contextual and what are the 3 systems - Context is history, social, cultural aspects, biological, cognitive and physical aspects and enviro which influence upbringing.
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Development is Contextual:
Normative age-graded influences - biological and envronmental influences similar for individuals in a specific age group. Strongest in childhood age group
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Development is Contextual:
Normative history-graded influences - biological and environmental influences associated with history. Strongest in adolescence age group
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Development is Contextual:
NON-Normative life events -
(Events can be positive or negative.)
Unusual occurrences that have a major impact one's life -
Life-Span Perspective
Define
Development involves growth - Mastery of life involves conflicts and competition. The 3 goals of human developement are growth, maintenance and regulation
- Contemporary Concerns
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1- Health and well-being
2- Parenting
3- Education -
Sociocultural contexts
5 concepts: -
1-Context
2-Culture
i. Cross-cultural studies
3-Ethnicity
4-Gender
5- Socioeconomic Status (SES) -
Development Processes and Periods
3 development processes -
1-Biological processes
2-Cognitive processes
3-Socioemotional processes -
Development Processes
Define
Biological processes - changes that occur in the person's physical self: eye color, hair color, fat/skinny, size of foot
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Development Processes
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Cognitive processes - changes that occur in aperson's thought processes, intelligence and language: memory, learning, calculations, attention
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Development Processes
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Socioemotional processes - changes that occur in a person's emotions, personality, and relationships with others:
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Periods of Development
8 periods: -
1-Prenatal period
2-Infancy
3-early childhood
4-middle and late childhood
5-adolescence
6-early adulthood
7-middle adulthood
8-Late adulthood -
Periods of Development
Define
Prenatal period - from conception to birth
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Periods of Development
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Infancy - birth to 18-24 months
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Periods of Development
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Early Childhood -
from 18-24 mos to 5-6 yrs; called "preschool years"
1st grade marks end -
Periods of Development
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Middle & Late childhood -
from 6-11 yrs old; called "elementary school years"
fundamental skills: reading, writing, math are mastered; self-control increases -
Periods of Development
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Adolescence - from 10-12 yrs to 18-22 yrs; start of "puberty," sexual characteristics; pursuit of independence and identity; thought is more logical, abstract, idealistice
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Periods of Development
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Early adulthood -
begins in late teens, early 20's to 30's;
time of establishing economic independence, carrers, selecting a mate, starting family -
Periods of Development
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Middle adulthood -
35-45 yrs old to 60's;
expanding personal and social involvement and responsibility, reaching and maintaining career; assisting next generation -
Periods of Development
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Late adulthood -
from 60's/70's to death;
adjustment period to declining health & strength, life review, retirement, adjustment to new social roles -
Conception of Age
Neugarten states we are an age-irrelevant society -
Chronological age: actual years alive, since birth
Biological age: age in terms of health, vital capacity
Psychological age: adaptive capacities compared to others same chrono age
Social age: social roles and expectations related to a person' age. -
Developmental Issues
nature vs nurture -
nature: biological inheritance are the most importanct influences
nurture: a perosn's environmental experiences are the most important influences -
Developmental Issues
continuity vs discontinuity -
Continuity: gradual, cumulative changes that occur from conception to death (quantitative)
Discontinuity: Distict stages of development (qualitative) that a child moved from not being able to think abstractly to being able to, like out of 'nowhere' it happens. -
Developmental Issues
Stability and Change -
Stability: we develop to what we are due to early yrs experiences
Change: we develop into someone different because of early experiences
In other words, do we change as we age? - Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory
- Children actively construct their understanding of the world and go thru 4 stages
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Piagets Theory
4 stages of cognitive development -
1-sensori-motor
2-preoperational
3-concrete
4-formal -
Piagets Theory
2 ways we adapt -
Assimilation: person incorporates new info into existing knowledge
Accomodation: person adjust to new information - Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory
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Like Piaget theory, children construct onw knowldege; however social interaction and culture play important roles. SOCIAL AND CULTURE guide cognitive development.
Can't seperate development from social and cultural activities. That memory, attn and reasoning is learned to use societies tools: language, math, computers, etc
If children interact w/more-skilled adults and peers, they will advance in cognitive development. - The Info-Proc Theory
- Individuals develop a gradual capacity for prcessing info, which allows for increased complex knowledge ans skills. When Individuals process, encode, represent, store, and retrieve info, they are thinking
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Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories
3 versions -
These versions dictate that development can be learned thru experience with environ, i.e. observable behavior.
1-Pavlov's Classical Conditioning
2-Skinner's Operant Conditioning
3-Bandura's Social Cognitive theory -
Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories
Define
Pavlov's Classical Conditioning - the neutral stimulus (the bell) can now produce the response originally produced by another (the food)
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Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories
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Skinner's Operant conditioning - Behavior followed by a reward stimuli is more likely to recur, where as a behavior followed by a negative stimuli will less likely recur
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Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories
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Bandura's Social cognitive theory -
Development through observation learning (imitation/modeling).
Reciprocal relationship between behavior, ex: child will do as parent does, teacher does, who they observe. - Ethological Theory
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Behavior is strongly influenced by biology.
There are experiences that occur in special time frames that should be experienced by individual for normal developement - Ecological Theory
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Development is emphasized by environmental factors:
MICORSYSTEM: individual lives and has input
MESOSYSTEM: Family relation to this system of school, community
EXOSYSTEM: Individual in social system but has no input
MACROSYSTEM:The culture the individual lives in
CHRONOSYSTEM: Sociohistorical, environmental events nd transition over the life course.