Laville
Terms
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- Albumin
-
1) Malnutrition
2) infections
3) malignancy
4) liver dx
5) kidney dx
6) GI dx - α-Fetoprotein
-
1) neural tube defects
2) tumor marker
3) Down Syndrome (low) - α1-Antitrypsin
- API deficiency
- Prothrombin
- Coagulation screen, liver function test
- Ceruloplasmin
-
1) Wilson’s disease
2) malnutrition
3) nephrotic syndrome
- Cu transport
- superoxide scavenger - Haptoglobin
-
1) Hemolytic disorders
- binds hemoglobin - α2- Macroglobulin
- Proteinuria
- Thyroxine binding globulin
- thyroid disease
- C-Reactive Protein
-
- Infection used with ESR
- binds extracts of pneumococcal cell wall (high) - β2 Microglobulin
-
1) Myelomas
2) renal failure - Transferrin
- Iron Deficiency (TIBC)
- Immunoglobulins
-
1) Liver dx
2) infections
3) paraproteinemias - Anti-protease Inhibitor
-
- protease inhibitor
- high - fibrinogen
- clotting
- α1- acid glycoprotein
- tissue repair
- Alkaline phosphatase
-
1) Cholestatic liver dx
2) osteoblast activity in bone disease - amylase
- cell damage in acute pancreatitis
- creatine kinase
-
1) skeletal muscle disorders
2) MI
3) brain tumor
- mainly found in contracting muscle -
γ-glutamyl transferase
(gamma) -
- sensitive marker of liver damage
- higher is m than f
- not associated with bone, used to differentiate tissues with ALP - lactate dehydrogenase
-
1) muscle damage
2) MI - plasma cholinesterase
-
1) scoline apnea
2) organophosphous poisoning
- degrade anesthetics and cocaine
- decrease: hepatic disease (made in liver)
- increase: nephrotic syndrome - acetyl cholinesterase
- - nerve endings and erythrocytes NEVER in plasma
- causes of cell damage and death
-
1) hypoxia
2) toxic substances
3) infections
4) trauma
5) immune destruction - Alkaline phosphatases
-
1) high fat meals
2) infancy and childhood
3) normal pregnancy
4) dx of biliary tract - Acid phosphatases
- prostate specific antigen tumor marker
- Alanine transaminase
-
1) Hepatocellular damage
2) cholestatic jaundice
3) post cardiac surgery - Aspartate transaminase
-
1) Hepatocellular damage
2) marker of MI
3) high [ ] in kidney, erythrocytes, cardiac and skeletal muscle
4) circulatory failure
5) acute viral hepatitis - isoenzymes of Lactate Dehydrogenase
-
- MI and renal: LD1 & 2
- Leukemia and malignancy: LD 2 & 3
- Liver or skeletal muscle: LD 4& 5 - Contains factors VIIIa, IXa, X, Ca
- tenase complex
- hydrolyses prothrombin to thrombin
- Xa
- active form involved in degrading factors VIIIa and Va
- Protein C
- caused by deficiency of factor IX
- hemophilia b
- contains factors Va, Xa, II and Ca
- prothrombinase complex
- catalyses conversion of soft fibring clot to hard fibrin clot
- Factor XIIIa
- Factor XII (12)
-
- Hageman Factor
- Binds to exposed collagen Activated by HMW Kininogen & Kallikrein - Factor XI (11)
-
- PTA
- Activated by factor XIIa (12a) - Factor IX (9)
-
- Christmas Factor (PTC)
- Activated by factor XIa (11a) in presence of Ca2+ - Factor VII (7)
-
- proconvertin SPCA
- activated by thrombin and Ca - Factor X (10)
-
- Stuart-Prower Factor
- Activated on surface of platelets, VIIa (7a) TF, Ca2+ - Factor II (2)
-
- prothrombin
- Activated on surface of platelets, prothrombinase - Factor VIII (8)
-
- antihemophila factor A
- AHG
- Activated by thrombin; factor VIIIa (8a)is cofactor for X (10) by IX(9) act. - Factor V
-
- proaccelerin (labile factor)
- Activated by thrombin; Va is cofactor in for II by Xa act. - Factor III (TF)
-
- Tissue Factor
- Sub endothelial cell surface glycoprotein; cofactor for VII - factor I
-
- fibrinogen
- Cleaved by thrombin to form the fibrin clot - Factor XIII (13)
-
- fibrin stabilizer
- activated by thrombin and Ca - Von Willebrand factor
- Associated with sub endothelial connective tissue: serves as bridge between platelet glycoprotein GPIb/IX and collagen
- Protein C
- Activated to Ca by thrombin bound to thrombomodulin; degrades factors VIIIa and Va
- Protein S
- Cofactor of protein C; both contain gla residues
- Thrombomodulin
- Protein on surface of endothelial cells: binds thrombin to activate protein C
- Antithrombin III
- Most important coagulation inhibitor; controls activities of IIa, factors IXa, Xa, XIa and XIIa
- intrinsic pathway
- 12 -->11-->9 +8 --> 10+ 5 --> thrombin --> fibrin, 13 --> stable fibrin clot
- extrinsic pathway
- 7 --> 10 +5 --> thrombin--> fibrin 13 --> stable fibrin clot
- factors inactivated by heparin
-
1) XIIa 12a
2) XIa 11a
3) IXa 9a
4) Xa 10a
5) Thrombin - Thrombin inhibitors
-
1) α2- macroglobulin
2) α1- antitrypsin
3) heparin cofactor II - disorders of fibrinogen and factor XIII (13)
-
- pts with CHD, hyperlipidemias, diabetes and hypertension
- pregnancy menopause, and contraceptives and smokers
- - von Willebrand Disease
-
- deficiency in vWF
- most common bleeding disorder
- defective platelet adhesion (VIII)
- AD - Factor XI deficiency
-
- ashkenazic jews
- AD
- injury related bleeding - antithrombin deficiency
- - dVT and pulmonary embolism