Microbiology Unit 8
Terms
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- Activated sludge system
- Air or pure oxygen is passed through effluent from primary treatment
- Denitrification
-
Nitrate ion -> nitrite ion ->
nitrous oxide -> nitrogen gas
Can lead to loss of nitrogen to atmosphere - Nitrogen fixation
- anaerobic
- Ionizing radiation
- Used to preserve foods
- T. ferrooxidans reaction
- Fe2+ -> Fe3+
- Thermophilic anaerobic spoilage
- Spoilage of canned foods at high temps due to bacillus stearothermophilus
- Byssochlamys
- Heat-resistant fungus that causes spoilage in acidic foods
- Endolith
- Organism that lives inside rock
- Thermophile
- Optimum growth temp
- Halophile
- Organism that grows in high salt concentrations
- Acidophile
- Organism that grows below pH 4
- Osmophile
- Organism that grows at very low water activity
- Nitrogen cycle
- Microorganisms release ammonia and amino acids as they decompose dead cells
- Flocculation
- Uses chemicals like alum to coalesce colloidal materials
- Filtration
- Removes protozoan cysts and other microorganisms
- Primary sewage treatment
-
Large floating materials screened out
Sewage flows through settling chambers
Skimmers remove floating oil and grease
Sweage passes through sedimentation tanks - Anaerobic sludge digester
- Bacteria degrade organic matter and produce methane
- Oxidation pond
- Lagoon used for secondary sewage treatment
- Trickling filter
- Sewage is sprayed over rocks or plastic
- Mycorrhizae
- Fungi that grow on the roots of higher plants
- Rhizobium
- Bacteria found on root nodules that fix nitrogen
- Cyanobacteria
- Photoautotrophic partner in lichen
- Denitrifying bacteria
- Reduce nitrates to molecular nitrogen
- Bioremediation
- Use of microorganisms to remove pollutants
- Secondary metabolite
-
Product of industrial cell population after MO has largely completed it's rapid growth and in a stationary phase
Most antibiotics - Ethanol
- Carbs from grain are fermented by yeasts to this
- Wine
- Sugars in fruits like grapes are fermented to this
- Cheese
- Conversion on milk sugar to lactic acid by lactic acid bacteria
- Bread
- Yeast converts sugar to carbon dioxide that is trapped in the food matrix
- Vinegar
- Acetobacter converts ethanol to acetic acid
- Bioconversion
-
Changes in organic substrate brought about by growth of MO
Used in production of methane from biomass - Immobilized enzymes
-
Enzymes can be bound to solid spheres
When substrate passes over, enzymatic reactions change substrate to desired product - Amylase
- Enzyme used in corn starch, paper sizing, glucose to starch
- Glucose isomerase
- Enzyme converts glucose that amylase formed from starches into fructose
- Protease
- Adjusts the amount of glutens (protein) in wheat
- Rennin
- Enzyme that forms curd (casein)
- Malting
-
Starch conditioning grains allowed to sprout
Dried and ground - 12D treatment
- Enough heat applied to reduce endospores by 12 log cycles
- retort
- Uses steam under pressure to achieve sterilizations temps
- Bioluminescence
- Light emission from MO
- Coliforms
-
Aerobic or anaerobic
Gram-negative
Non-endosphere forming
Ferment lactose to form gas - Biofilms
-
Slime communities where MO live
Biological systems - BOD
-
Measure of biologically degradable organic matter in water
Determined by amount of O2 required to metabolize organic matter - Nitogen fPixation
-
Nitrogen gas converted to ammonia by nitrogenase
Free living and symbiotic microbes - Ammonification
- Protein from waste -> amino acids -> ammonia
- Nitrification
- Oxidation of nitrogen to nitrate
- Bioreactor
-
Vessel for industrial fermentation
pH, temp, aeration watched - Primary metabolite
-
Formed at same time as new cells in fermentation
Ethanol - Eutrophication
- Overabundance of nutrients in lakes and streams
- Flat sour spoilage
-
spoilage of canned foods
no gas - Biochemical cycle
- Carbon, nitrogen, sulfur cycles
- Carbon cycle
- Carbon atoms from organisms are transferred up food chain
- Deamination
- Amino groups of amino acids are removed and converted into ammonia
- Sulfur cycle
- Conversion of reduced sulfur ->elemental sulfur ->fully oxidized sulfate
- Phophorus cycle
-
Changes from soluble to insoluble
Organic to inorganic - Xenobiotics
- Chemicals that do not appear in nature
- Bioremidiation of oil sills
- Enhanced by adding fertilizer w/ nitrogen and phosphorus
- Algal blooms
- Dense aquatic growth caused by additional nutrients
- Indicator organisms
- Coliforms
- Sludge
- Sewage solids
- Secondary sewage treatment
-
Predominantly biological
Removes most organic matter and redues BOD
Sewage undergoes strong aeration to encourage aerobic bacteria growth - bulking
- sewage floats