Hesp311: External Ear Pathologies
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- What are 7 types of general External Ear Pathologies?
- Congenital malformations, infections, allergic reaction, trauma, cysts, tumors, impacted cerumen.
- Otorrhea
- Discharge from the ear
- Otalgia
- Pain in the ear
- Laceration
- Torn wound
- Hematoma
- Localized collection of blood.
- Edema
- Presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in intercellular tissue spaces. Swelling.
- Erythema
- Redness of skin produced by congestion of capillaries.
- Pruritis
- Itching
- Aplasia
- Failure to develop
- Microtia
- Abnormally small (ear)
- Atresia
- Absence of a normal opening or failure of a structure to be tubular.
- Stenosis/stenotic
- Abnormal narrowing
- Congenital auricular aplasia
- Lack of development of the pinna
- Congenital auricular microtia
- Incomplete development of the pinna. May or may not have atretic canal.
- Congenital atresia
- Incomplete development of the ear canal.
- What are some treatment options for congenital atresia, congenital auricular aplasia and congenital auricular microtia?
- Restorative/cosmetic surgery, amplification through a BAHA.
- Otitis externa is also known as:
- "Swimmers' ear"
- Otitis externa's objective symptoms include:
- Edema and erythema of EAC skin, tenderness of tragus, possibly foul-smelling secretions.
- Otitis externa's subjective symptoms include:
- Pruritus, otalgia, aural fullness, hearing loss.
- Treatment of otitis externa:
- Cleaning EAC, topical antibiotics, ear wick in severe cases and analgesics. May require oral antibiotics.
- Mycotic external otitis(otomycosis):
- Yeast or fungal infection that invades ear canal.
- Mycotic external otitis' symptoms may include:
- Itching followed by pain, flaky, greenish appearance.
- Mycotic external otitis may be treated with:
- Acidified ear drops, frequent removal of all debris.
- Mycotic external otitis may be caused by:
- Poor hygene, tropical regions.
- Herpes zoster oticus
- Viral infection of the external ear
- Herpes zoster oticus can cause:
- Severe otalgia, SNHL, tinnitus if it invades the inner ear.
- Herpes Zoster oticus is also known as Ramsay Hunt Syndrome when:
- it is coupled with facial palsy.
- Herpes zoster oticus can be treated with:
- viral agents
- Perichondritis
- Infection of skin that covers cartilage.
- Perichondritis can be caused by:
- The bacteria pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Perichondritis can cause major damage if:
- it progresses to chondritis (infection of cartilage)
- Perichondritis' symptoms include:
- Red, painful ear, possibly otorrhea in severe cases.
- Perichondritis is treated with:
- Oral or IV antibiotics.
- Contact dermatitis
- Skin reaction resulting from exposure to allergens or irritants
- Contact dermatitis' symptoms include:
- Red rash, itching, welts on skin.
- Contact dermatitis may be caused by:
- Chemical, physical, or allergic irritants
- Contact dermatitis is treated with:
- corticosteroids and antihistamines, as well as home care therapies.
- Contact dermatitis should be considered when performing what process?
- Making ear molds, as the material used to do so may cause an allergic reaction.
- Eczema
- Persistent dryness of the skin/rashes.
- Eczema can be treated with:
- Moisturizers, skin cleansers, corticosteroids, antibiotics, light therapies, and diet/lifestyle changes.
- Burns on the ear can typically be treated like burns on any part of the body, but special care must be taken to prevent:
- Closure of the ear canal in cases of severe burn.
- What is stenting used for?
- It prevents closure of the ear canal in cases of severe burns.
- Laceration of the pinna or EAC must be treated carefully to prevent:
- necrotizing (malignant) external otitis.
- Necrotizing external otitis may:
- spread to the cartilage or bone.
- Which group of people should be treated delicately to prevent any laceration in the EAC?
- Elderly diabetics.
- Neoplasms are:
- New and abnormal growth of skin
- Neoplasms can occur:
- On the pinna or in the ear canal.
- Examples of benign neoplasms are:
- Cysts, keloids, etc
- Examples of malignant neoplasms are:
- Squamous-cell carcinoma, etc
- Foreign bodies in the ear canal can generally be removed by:
- irrigation, forceps, suction, etc
- Insects in the ear canal must be treated in what way?
- They must be paralyzed prior to removal
- Hematoma is:
- accumulation of blood between perichondrium and cartilage
- Untreated hematoma can lead to:
- Cauliflower ear.
- To remove foreign bodies from the EAC, small children may need:
- local anesthesia.
- Sebaceous cysts arise from:
- blocked sebaceous glands or swollen hair follicles.
- The main sign of a sebaceous cyst is:
- A closed sac underneath the skin filled with fatty, white, semi-solid material called sebum.
- Cysts may be cured with:
- Heat therapies, surgical excision.
- Exostosis is:
- benign tumor, bony growth in EAC.
- Exostosis may be induced by:
- Cold water, scratching EAC
- Exostosis cures include:
- Surgical removal, especially when they present problems like blocking the EAC, secondary cause of external otitis
- Preauricular cysts and preauricular fistulas are:
- congenital malformations of the preauricular soft tissues.
- Preauricular cysts and preauricular fistulas may:
- fill with sebaceous material and become infected.
- Preauricular cysts and preauricular fistulas do not contribute to any major pathology, but:
- they may indicate other congenital abnormalities.
- "Tags" are:
- Epithelial mounds of pedunculated skin arise near the front of the ear around the tragus.
- The general internal structure of tags:
- No bony, cartilaginous or cystic components, and do not communicate to the ear canal or middle ear.
- Squamous cell carcinoma:
- Second most common form of skin cancer.
- The cause of squamous cell carcinoma is:
- overexposure to the sun.
- Symptoms of squamous cell carcinoma are:
- Thickening of skin in EAC, usually developing into a thick, rough ulcer. Usually not painful.
- True or False: Squamous cell carcinoma may metastasize.
- True! It can spread to the middle and inner ear structures, the mastoid process and even the brain.
- Squamous cell carcinoma occurs in what layer of the epithelium?
- The top layer.
- Keloids are:
- Overgrowth of collagen in scar tissue.
- Keloids are typically caused by:
- Ear piercings or other trauma to the ear.
- True or False: Surgical excision is an acceptable cure for keloids?
- Totally fucking false; surgical excision will likely exacerbate the condition.
- Basal cell carcinoma is:
- The most common form of skin cancer.
- Basal cell carcinoma arises in:
- The deepest layer of the epidermis (basal cell region) and the outer layer of skin.
- Basal cell carcinoma may manifest as:
- An open sore, red patch resembling eczema, shiny bump, pink growth or scar-like area.
- Basal cell carcinoma may spread to:
- bone and cartilage.
- Osteosarcoma is:
- Malignant growth of bone, bone cancer.
- Osteosarcoma affects:
- bone of the EAC's medial portion/mastoid region.
- Osteosarcoma is more common in:
- children and infants.
- True or False: Osteosarcoma is very painful
- False; it is usually painless so it can spread undetected.
- Sarcoma tumors arise from:
- mesechymymal tissue involved in fibrous tissue, muscle, bone, fat.