genetics chapter
Terms
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- 4 blood types and their antibodies and antigens each one has.
- Type A blood has anti-B antibodies and A antigens. Type B blood has anti-A antibodies and B antigens. Type AB blood has no antibodies and A and B antigens. Type O blood has A and B antibodies and no antigens.
- Agglutination: What is it?
- The antigen-antibody reaction where the blood starts to clump.
- Codominance: What is it? How to do punnett squares.
- When both alleles contribute to the phenotype. Ex: Brown feathers x White feathers= Spotted feathers
- Dominant/Recessive
- The dominant allele is the form of a trait that always exhibits while the recessive allele is the form of a trait that exhibits only when a dominent allele is not present.
- Genotype/Phenotype
- Genotype is the genetic makeup of something; Ex:TT,Tt,tt Phenotype is the physical characteristics of something; Ex: tall, short
- Genotypic ratios vs. Phenotypic ratios.
- Genotypic ratios-homozygous dominent:heterozygous:homozygous recessive. Phenotypic ratios-dominent:recessive
- Homozygous/Heterozygous
- Homozygous are two identical alleles for a particular trait; Ex:TT or tt. Heterozygous have two different alleles for the same trait; Ex:Tt
- Incomplete Dominance: What is it? How to do punnett squares.
- Mixes two alleles together making the phenotype a blend of the two traits. Ex: Red Flower x White Flower= Pink Flower
- Independent Assortment
- Independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes.
- Mendel: Why important? Plants worked with?
- Mendel concluded that biological inheritance is determined by factors(genes) that are passed from generation to the next and the principle of dominance which states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive by working on peaplants.
- Multiple Alleles: What is it? Ex?
- Where genes have more that two alleles. Ex: a rabbit's possible fur color; White (EG), Gray(GG), Brown(FF, FG, FE) and Black(EE).
- P, F1, F2...what each means?
- The P generation is the first, parent generation. The F1 generation(first filial) is the second generation. The F2 generation(second filial)
- Pedigrees
- A chart that shows the relationships with genes within a family.
- Polygenic Traits
- Traits controlled by two or more genes.
- Probability Problems
- Probability cannot predict the precise outcome of an individual event.
- Relationship between punnett squares and probability problems.
- Punnett squares are used to predict and compare the genetic variations that will result from a cross. Probability predict the average outcome of a large number of events.
- Rh factor/pregnancy: Why is it important?
- It is important because when a baby has the different blood type as the mom, the mother's antibodies start to attack the baby's blood.
- Segregation
- Separation of alleles during gamete formation.
- Sex-Linked Traits
- A gene carried on one of the sex chromosomes.
- Simple Dominance
- When genes have one allele that is either dominent or recessive.
- Which type can give? Receive?
- Type A blood can give to A, AB and receive A,O. Type B blood can give to B,AB and receive B,O. Type AB blood can give to AB and receive A,B,AB,O. Type O blood can give to A,B,AB,O and receive O.
- wat are the external causes of mutation?
- chemicals can be exposed to the celll and sometimes cause DNA breakdown