TNHS 7 Tex His Ch.2
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Where did Christopher Columbus think he was when he sailed into the Caribbean Sea in 1492?
- In Asia, in the Indies
- Why are Native Americans called "Native Americans"?
- Because they were the first peoples to live in the Americas.
- When do scientists believe that the first peoples came to the Americas?
- Anywhere 14,000 to 30,000 years ago.
- How long did the last ice age last in the Americas?
- 65,000 years
-
T or F
When the first people come to the America's the Earth was just emerging from a tropical climate? - False. The Earth was emerging from an ice age.
-
T or F
Some scientists believe that the first people to settle in the Americas came from Asia. - True
- What passage lies between the eastern tip of Asia and Alaska?
- The Berring Strait
- Who are "hunters and gatherers"?
- People who survived by searching for wild plants and animals to eat.
- Scientists think that the people from Asia who settled in the Americas came via what 2 ways:
-
1. Crossing the "landmass" called "Beringia",
2. By boat - How long ago did the Ice Age end?
- 10,000 years ago.
- What also migrated with the people from Asia who settled in the Americas?
- Game animals
- What is the term used to describe the surroundings in which something exists?
- Environment
- What is prehistory?
- The time before written records
-
T or F
The original Native Americans kept written records. - False. The Europeans who explored the Americas brought with them a written record system
- What are artifacts?
- Objects made by humans that show how they once lived.
- What do archaeologists study?
- They study and learn about past cultures from the artifacts they left behind.
- What is a pictograph?
- Pictures often drawn or painted on cave walls, ledges and cliffs by past cultures
- What are petroglyphs?
- Carvings made in rock by past cultures.
-
T or F
Texas does not have any pictographs or petroglyphs. - False. There are over 250 sites with pictographs and petroglyphs.
- How do archaelogist determine how ways of life changed over time?
- Deeper objects are older than objects found nearer to the surface.
- What is carbon dating?
- A testing method scientist use to measure the amount of Carbon-14 that remains in an object.
- What kind of objects contain Carbon-14?
- Formerly living objects
- What test do scientists use today to study prehistoric peoples?
- DNA testing.
- Through DNA testing, some scientists believe that prehistoric people came from.................?
-
1. Africa
2. Europe
3. South Pacific - When did Europeans come to explore Texas?
- In the 1500's
- List the 3 period names that scientist use for the span between the arrival of the first Native Americans and the arrival of the Europeans?
-
1. Paleolithic Era
2. Archaic Era
3. Late Prehistoric - What years does the Paleolithic Era cover?
- Prehistoric times to 6,000 B.C.
- What years does the Archaic Era last?
- 6,000 B.C. to 700 A.D.
- What years does the Late Prehistoric Era last?
- 700 A.D. to the 1500's when the Europeans arrived.
-
T or F
Native Americans did not use horses until the Europeans brought them. - True
- What did the early Native Americans use to hunt game?
- Spears tipped with sharpened point of flint.
- What type of stone was used as the tip on spears used by early Native Americans to hunt game?
- Flint
- What animal is the Bighorn Bison related to?
- Buffalo
- What is "pemmican?"
- A mixture of dried meat mixed with animal fat and berries used by early Native Americans
- What event altered plant life across Texas?
- The end of the Ice Age
- What did the Native American's invent that could throw a spear with great force?
- The Atlatl.
- Describe the Atlatl:
- A stick about 2 rfeet long with a wooden hook at the far end to hold the spear's shaft.
- Why did Native Americans travel in smaller groups during the Archaic Era?
- So they would not scare off the fast-moving game.
- What was the name of the smaller groups of Native Americans who traveled during the Archaic Era?
- Bands
- How often would bands get together?
- Only several times during the year.
- List some of the tools used by Native Americans during the Archaic Era:
-
1. flint knives
2. scrapers
3. awls
4. crude grind stones
5. baskets made of parts of plants - By approx. what year were Native Americans living in East Texas living in villages?
- 500 B.C.
- List the 3 influences on Native Americans that affected great changes for them from 500 B.C. to 500 AD:
-
1. Arrival of buffalo
2. Bow and arrow
3. Farming north of Mexico - By 1400 AD, how had the Native Americans in Texas differentiated in their lifestyles:
-
1. In East Texas and far West Texas, NA lived in villages and farmed for most of what they ate; they had well developed ideas about society and religion
2. In South Texas, NA remained hunters and gatherers due to the more arid environment - Where did the major buffalo-hunting NA cultures live?
- On the plains and plateaus of the Panhandle and Central Texas.
-
T or F
A bow and arrow could shoot farther than a spear thrown from an atlatl. - True
- List the 4 culture regions of Texas that anthropologists use to group the NA based on their ways of life:
-
1. Southeaster
2. Plains
3. Puebloan
4. Western Gulf - Who was the 1st person to study many of Texas's prehistoric sites?
- James Pearce
- List the 3 groups of NAs who are considered in the Southeastern culture region?
-
1. Caddoes
2. Atakapans
3. Wichitas - What is the term used to describe 2 or more extended families of NAs that lived together under one leader?
- Band
- What is the term used to describe a number of bands who foloowed the same leader and shared the same territory and culture?
- Tribe
- What culture group was part of a larger culture known as the Missippian or Mound Builder culture?
- The Caddoes
- Where did the Caddoes live?
- Mississippi River valley
- How many condederacies were the Caddoes divided into?
- 3
- What is the term used to describe alliances of people or groups that unite for a common purpose?
- Confederacy
- How many confederacies and tribes lived in Texas?
- 2 confederacies and 1/2 the tribes
- When did the Caddoes move into the Piney Woods?
- late during the Prehistoric Era
- List 2 other states that the Caddoes settled into?
- Oklahoma and Arkansas
- Which NAs had the most advanced culture of all the Texas Indians?
- The Caddoes
- List the major crops of the Caddoes:
-
1. Corn
2. beans
3. Squash
4. Sunflower seeds - Describe the shape of Caddo houses:
- Cone-shaped building of poles covered with cane and grass
-
T or F
Some Caddo houses could hold up to 8-10 families. - True
- Describe the Caddo religion:
- One creator who spoke through their chief; other gods and spirits were called upon to help with daily lives
-
T or F
The Caddoes relied on a sacred fire located in a temple that burned always to light their own fires. - True
-
True or F
Crops were more important to the Caddoes than meat and fish. - True
-
T or F
Caddo men worked alongside Caddo women in the crop fields. - True
- What is the origin of the name, Texas?
- The Caddo cry, Tay-yas, which means "friend" used to greet strangers
-
T or F
Caddoes built their houses as a community effort. - True
- What did the Caddoes use to trade with?
-
1. Clay pottery
2. Hunting bows made of Osage orange wood - What is the name for the NAs who lived south of the Caddoes?
- Atakapan peoples
- What NAs lived in 5 bands or small tribes that spread across the Coastal Plains from Louisiana to Galveston Bay
- Atakapan Peoples
- Name the Atakapan band that lived on the south edge of the Piney Woods between the Trinity and Brazos Rivers:
- Bidais
-
T or F
Hunting was more important to the Bidais people than to the Caddoes? - True
- Who were the NAs who lived along the Galveston Bay region?
- 4 bands of the Akokisas
-
T or F
The Akokisas returned to the coast during the Fall to live in larger moree permanent villages. - False. The Akokisas moved inland during the Fall seasons
- What group of NAs lived next to the Caddoes during the Prehistoric times and then later moved north to what is now Kansas?
- Wichita
- List the 3 tribes of the Wichita peoples that were formed for protection?
-
Tawakonis
Wacos
Wichitas - Which 2 tribes of the Wichita peoples settled farther south along the Brazos River?
- Tawakonis and Wacos
- Which NAs were shorter and darker than most of the other Texas Indians?
- Wichitas
- Why did the Wichitas call themselves the word that means "racccoon eyes?"
- Because the Wichita men tattoed around their eyes
- How did the Wichitas become hunters?
- From horses obtained by the Kiowas who were a great hunting culture of the Great Plains
- After the fall harvest the Wichitas would leave their homes and spend the winters hunting buffalo and living in what?
- Tipis
- What is the name for the cone-shaped tent made of poles and covered in animal hides
- Tipis
- Why were tipis ideal houses for hunting peoples?
- Because they were easy to move from place to place
-
T or F
Some experts classify the Wichita with the Plains culture rather than the Southeastern culture. - True
- Cite one theory to explain how the Indians first got horses:
- Some Indians in New Mexico grew angry about serving the Spaniards and decided to escape using the horses to get away
- What changed the Plains Indians forever?
- The horse
- What is the name for the NA group of independent bands that first lived on the Edwards Plateau west of present-day Austin and San Antonio?
- Tonkawa
- Who pushed the Tonkawa away from the Edwards Plateau during the 1600-1700s?
- Apaches and Comanches
- What caused the Tonkawas bands to unite as a tribe in the 1700s?
- Pressure from the Apaches and other Indians
- What was the main source of food for the Tonkawas?
- Buffalo
-
T or F
Once the Tonkawas had horses they tried to move to the plains. - True but the Apaches and the Comanches prevented this.
- What group of NAs were pushed east and became hunters and gatherers of rabbits, skunks, rats, rattlesnakes and land turtles?
- The Tonkawas
- Which NAs moved south from present day Canada across the Great Plains and became fierce fighters?
- Apaches
- Where does the name "Apache" come from?
- The Zuni word, apachu, which means enemy.
-
T or F
The Apache is one single tribe. - False. Apaches are from 6 tribes related by a common language.
- List the 2 tribes of Apaches who were very important to Texas history:
- Lipans and Mescaleros
- Where did the Lipans first appear?
- Texas panhandle
- Who were the first NAs to ride horses?
- Lipans
- Who were the Apaches that settled into what is now New Mexico?
- Mescaleros
- What tribe of Apaches' name is derived from the Mescal cactus which was depended for much food and drink?
- Mescaleros
- The Comanches entire way of life depended on what?
- Buffalo
- What is the name for peoples who wander from place to place in search of food?
- Nomads
- What did Comanches live in?
- tipis
-
T or F
Comanche women had short hair while the men allowed their hair to grow long, parting it in the middle with braids on each side. - True
-
T or F
The Lipans and the Comanches got along at first. - True
-
T or F
Kiowas early history is largely unknown. - True
- Which NAs arrived in Texas late and occupied only the very northern part of the panhandle?
- Kiowas
- Who were the Kiowas bitter enemies until 1790?
- Comanches
- Which NA had an important religious celebration of the Sun Dance?
- Kiowas
-
T or F
Kiowas men would dance up to 3 or 4 days straight without sleep in order to strengthen themselves during their Sun Dance celebration. - True
- What term describes something that is handed down from parent to child?
- hereditary
- What is the term used to describe peoples who help each other to benefit them both?
- Allies
- Why were the Comanches so successful on the plains?
- They were expert horse riders that armed themselves with shields, lances and bows and arrows becoming warriors of the plains
- How far back does the Pueblo culture go back in time?
- 8,000 years ago
- List the 3 groups of the Pueblo peoples:
-
1. Jumano people
2. Conchos people
3. Tiguas people - What is the term for a mix of wet clay and straw that is made into bricks and dried in the sun?
- Adobe
- Which group of Pueblo people established villages on the land between the Pecos and the Rio Grande?
- Jumano people
-
T or F
Jumano men did most of the farming? - True
- Why did the Spaniards call the Jumano people, "striped people"?
- They painted their faces in horizontqal lines
- What is the name of the first permanent town in Texas?
- Ysleta
- Which NA culture did not organized themselves into tribes because the environment could not support large groups of people?
- Coahuiltecans
- What formed the major supply of the Coahuiltecan's diet?
- Plants
- What are Javelinas?
- Wild pigs
-
T or F
Over time most of the Coahuiltecans died from diseases brought from Europe by the Spanish. - True
- Where did the Karankawas live?
- Along the Gulf Coast
- What did the Karankawas use to travel in when they lived along the coast?
- dug-out Canoes
- How did the Karankawas communicate between their groups?
- Building fires and using smoke signals
- What group of NAs was completely wiped out by disease and finally by an attack by a group of settlers in 1858?
- Karankawas
- How many NAs live in Texas today?
- 100,000
-
T or F
Most of the 100,000 NAs living in Texas today come from tribes outside of Texas? - True
- What is the term for land that is set aside by the government for use by Indian peoples?
- reservation
- List the only original NA culture that remains in Tesas today:
- Tiguas have a tiny reservation in El Paso
- List the 3 reservations in Texas:
-
1. Tigua in El Paso
2. Alabama-Coushatta in East Texas
3. Kickapoos near Eagle Pass - Which NA group used dugged out canoes?
- Karankawas
-
T or F
Artifacts are objects made by humans that show how they once lived - True
-
T or F
Nomads are people who wander from place to place in search of food. - True
-
T or F
A kiva is a mix of wet clay and straw that is made into bricks and dried in the sun. - False. Adobe is the mix of wet clay and straw that is dried in the sun.
-
T or F
A tribe is a number of bands that followed the same leader and shared the same territory and culture - True
-
T or F
Relative location divides the Earth into eastern and western halves - ?
-
T or F
Relativelocation tells you where a place is in comparison to another place. - True
- Location, place, interaction, movement, and region are what?
- The 5 themes of geography