psych ch. 7
Terms
undefined, object
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- Alcohol is a depressant/stimulant
- Depressant
- Alpha waves
- Relatively slow brainwaves of a relaxed, awake state
- Amphetamines
- Drugs that stimulate neural activity; cause speeded-up body functions and associate energy and mood changes;
- Annual Cycles (Biological rhythms)
- Ex: geese migrate, grizzly bears hibernate, etc. Some people have seasonal affective disorder, which is when they're depressed during winter's dark months (esp in far nothern regions)
- Barbiturate drugs
- Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system; reduces anxiety but impairs memory and judgment (tranquilizers); mimic the effects of alcohol; can cause death in big doses
- Biological rhythms
- Time periods our body fluctuates to; controlled by internal "biological clocks"
- Can hypnosis force people to act against their will?
- yes
- Circadian rhythm
- The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hr cycle
- Compared with older adults, young adults spend ___ time daydreaming and admit to ____ sexual fantasies.
- more; more
- Daydreaming:
- Focused and directed thinking, like directed consciousness, but involved fantasies (and not stimuli immediately at hand)
- Defintion of sleep:
- periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness; a state that we do not know we are in until we leave it
- Depressants
- "downers", Calm neural activity and slow body functions
- Directed consciousness:
- A focused and orderly "one tracked" awareness; centered on a specific stimuli/one thing
- Dissociation
- a split between different levels of consciousness; allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others (ex: hypnosis dissociates the pain stimulus of ice cold water from the emotional suffering)
- Divided-consciousness theory
- hypnosis has caused a split in awareness for the subjects and the subjects are actually hypnotized
- Does alcohol suppress REM sleep?
- Yes
- Dream sleep
- Emergent sleep: the brain beginning to move faster, returns to beta wave pattern of wakefulness though you're alseep. B - A - T - D
- Dualists
- Believe that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact; mind can exist separate from body; "death is a person's liberation from the body"
- Ecstasy
- street name for MDMA. Both a stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Triggers release of dopamine. Immediate effect: dehydration and risk of severe overheating, blood pressure increase, and death. Long-term effect: reduced serotonin and increased risk of depress
- Evidence of the importance of sleep:
- Number of car accidents increase if you sleep less and vice versa (less accients in the fall because you get more sleep than in spring)
- Flowing consciousness:
- A drifting, unfocused awareness; your attention moves at random from one thing to another
- For most psychologists today, consciousness is:
- our awareness of ourselves and our environment
- Hallucinations
- sensory expeiriences that occur without a sensory stimulus
- Hallucinogens
- Distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absense of sensory input; makes up fake images
- hidden observer
- Hilgard's term describig a hypnotized subject aware of experiences (i.e. pain or sounds) but they aren't aware of it while they're under hypnosis
- How can you alter your state of consciousness?
- Meditation, Hypnosis, Drugs
- hypnosis
- A social interction where the hypnotists suggest to the subject that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
- Insomnia
- Difficulty falling or staying asleep or you wake up easily. Affects about 20 million Americans.
- Latent content
- The true unconscious meaning of the dream
- LSD
- powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid
- Manifest Content
- (Freud) the surface content of a dream, which contains dream symbols that distort and disguise the dream's true meaning
- Marijuana
- mild hallucinogen; disrupts memory and causes lung damage from smoke
- Men fantasize about sex more often. True or false?
- true
- Monists
- Believe that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing; the mind is what the brain does; without bodies we are nobodies
- Narcolepsy
- A form of epilspesy that causes sudden, immediate sleeping. The more stressed you are, the easier you'll fall asleep. Usually lasts less than 5 minutes.
- Near-death experience
- An altered state of consciousness reported afer a close brush with death; often similar to drug-induced hallucinogens (maybe because of oxygen deprivation)
- Night Terros
- Very frightening dreams that are typically in children (where they scream out in the night) and more severe than nightmares. Starts in stage 4. Outgrown as child gets older.
- Nightmares
- Frightening dreams that typically involve anxieties; dark & foreboding. Starts in REM sleep
- Ninety-minute cycles (Biological rhythms)
- We cycle through various stages of sleep
- Opiates
- Opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin); depress neural activity, temporarily lessen pain and anxiety; user becomes lethargic; breathing slows; feel happy
- Our body temperatures rises in the _____, peaks during the ___, and decreases in the ____.
- morning, day, early afternoon
- People who do more crimes or do drugs more have more/less vivid fantasies
- less.
- People who drank the night before can't remember:
- what they said or the names of the people they talked to on the next day
- Physical dependence
- A physiological need for a drug (ex: physical pain and intense cravings)
- Posthypnotic amnesia
- A temporary memory loss; you can't remember what you experienced during hypnosis; done by the hypnotist
- Posthypnotic suggestion
- A suggestion made during a hypnosis, that is carried out afterr the sbuject is no longer hypnotized. Used to some clinicians to help control unwanted symptoms and behaviors.
- Psychoactive drugs
- chemicals that change perceptions and moods
- Psychological dependence
- A psychological need for a drug
- REM (rapid eye movement) stage
- Present when we're dreaming. After the 4 stages. Also known as paradoxical sleep (bc muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active).
- Sleep Apnea
- Cessation of breathing while sleeping; not getting enough oxygen. Snoring very loudly. Deprives the person of slow-wave sleep. The more obese you are, the more likely you will to have it.
- sleep spindles
- bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity
- Sleepwalking and Sleeptalking
- Runs in families. Typically at stage 4. 15% of people.
- slow-wave sleep
- Stages 3 and 4 of sleep
- Stage 2 of sleep:
- Alpha to theta (mostly alpha) brain wave patterns; the brain is slowing futher; periodic appearances of sleep spindles; can be awakened easily;
- Stage 3 of sleep:
- Theta to delta (mostly theta) brain wave patterns; the brain is slowing further; transitional to deep sleep of stage 4. Delta waves increase as you move on to stage 4.
- Stage 4 of sleep:
- Delta wave brain patterns; brain at its slowest. Hardest to awaken here (and at three). At end when kids may wet bed or sleepwalk
- Stage one of sleep:
- Switching from beta to alpha (mostly beta) wave brain activity patterns; the brain and breathing is slowing down; lasts up to five minutes; may experience hallucinations
- Stimulants
- "uppers", Temporarily excite neural activity and arouse body functions
- Stimulants inclue:
- caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, ectasy
- Supporters of the social influence theory believe that
- hypnosis is an extension of everyday social behavior and that hypnotic subjects are so caught up in the hypnotized role that she ignores the oder
- The reoccuring sleep cycle moves from beta-alpha-theta-delta-beta in the course of about _____
- 1.5 hours
- The sleep cycle repeats itself about every __ minutes. As the night wears on, stage 4 gets increasingly shorter and then disappears and REM gets longer. ____% of our average night's sleep has been REM sleep
- 90;20-25
- The Unconscious Mind:
- The notion of an unconscious mind helps to explain mental processes that occur without conscious awareness (you forget something and remember hours later)
- Tolerance
- The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requires user to take larger doses each time, neuroadaptation (brain's counteracting the disruption to its normal functioning)
- True or false: artifical light delays sleep.
- True
- True or false: Hypnosis enables peopel to recover accurate memories as far back as birth
- false (age regression)
- True or false: sleeping pills and alcohol can help insomnia
- false
- Twenty-eight-day cycles (Biological rhythms)
- A female's menstrual cycle averages 28 days; many psychologists think it causes mood changes, others don't.
- Twenty-four-hour cycles (Biological rhythms)
- Humans go through 24 hour cycles of varying and falling alertness, body temperature, and growth hormone secretion.
- What are the 3 categories of psychoactive drugs?
- Depressants, Stimulants, Hallucinogens
- What are the 3 types of waking consciousness?
- Directed consciousness, flowing consciousness, and daydreaming
- When you dream, what stage are you in?
- Beta stage (first)
- Which part of sleep is the most important?
- REM (key reason why we sleep)
- Withdrawal
- The disomfort and distress that follows discontinuing the drug
- Women dream of males and females equally often, whereas __% of the characters is men's dreams are males.
- 65