Bio Exam3
Terms
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Metabolic Pathway
- Begins with a specific molecule which is altered in a series of defined steps resulting in a certain product.
- Catabolic Pathway
- Release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules. e.g. cellular respiration.
- Cellular Respiration
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glucose and other organic fuels are broken down to provide energy for the cell.
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Anabolic Pathways
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Metabolic pathway that consumes energy to build more complex molecules from simpler molecules.
e.g. the synthesis of proteins from amino acids.
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Biosynthetic Pathways
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Same as anabolic pathways.
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Bioenergetics
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The study of how organisms manage their energy resources.
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Energy
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Capacity to cause change.
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Kinetic Energy
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Energy associated with movement.
- Heat/Thermal Energy
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energy associated with the movement of molecules
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Potential Energy
- Energy matter possesses due to its location.
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Chemical Energy
- potential energy available for release in chemical reactions.
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Name the four types of energy.
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Kinetic
Thermal
Potential
Chemical
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Thermdynamics
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The study of energy transformation
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Energy can be transfered of transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed.
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Conservation of Energy
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Same as first law of thermodynamics. Energy is not created or destroyed.
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Name two types of metabolic pathways
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Catabolic - downhill
Anabolic - uphill
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Entropy
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A measure of disorder
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The Second Law of Thermodynamics
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Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
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Spontaneous Process
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One that can occur without an input of energy. It will increase the entropy of the universe.
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Nonspontaneous Process
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A process that requires an input of energy.
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J Willard Gibbs
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Came up with Gibbs free energy function
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Free Energy
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Measures the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when the temperature and pressure are uniform through out the system.
dG = dH -TdS
The more free energy a system has the less stable it is.
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- dG
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A spontaneous process
- + dG or dG = 0
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A non-spontaneous process.
- dG
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= dH - TdS
or
G(final state) - G(initial state)
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Equilibrium
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A state of maximum stability.
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Exergonic Reaction
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proceeds with a net release of free energy
-dG
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Endergonic Reaction
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A reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.
+dG
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List the three types of work a cell does.
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Mechanical Work.
Transport Work.
Chemical Work.
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ATP
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adenosine triphosphate
Contains ribose, the nitrogenous base adenine and a chain of three phosphate groups.
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Hydrolysis of ATP
- H2O breaks off a phosphate branch releasing energy.
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Phosphorylated Intermediate
- The result of enzymes coupling the phosphate group released by the hydrolysis of ATP to a molecule in order to begin a endergonic process.
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Enzyme
- A catalytic protein, used to speed up reactions by lowering their activation energy.
- Activation Energy
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Energy required to start a downhill process.
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Substrate
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Reactant an enzyme works on.
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Active Site
- Small portion of a protein that binds to the molecules it acts on. This allows it to identify certain molecules.
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Induced Fit
- interactions between the protein and the molecule it acts on causes the active site to latch onto the substrate.
- List how enzymes speed up a reaction
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1. Orient he molecule
2.Stabilize the transition state
3.Provide a favorable microenvironment
4.Participate in catalytic reaction.
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Saturated Enzyme
- Condition when there is enough substrate that the enzyme molecules do not have to wait between molecules of substrate. Operating at maximum capacity.
- Optimal Temperature
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Temperature that provides the highest enzyme reaction rate without denaturing the protein.
35-40C in humans.
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Optimal pH
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pH that provides the highest enzyme reaction rate without denaturing the protein.
6-8 in humans.
- Cofactors
- Atoms or molecules that help in catalytic activity.
- Coenzymes
- Organic Molecules that help in catalytic activity.
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Enzyme Inhibitors
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Chemicals that inhibit that action of certain enzymes.
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Name the two types of enzyme inhibitors.
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Competitive Inhibitors.
Noncompetitive Inhibitors.
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Competitive Inhibitors.
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Enzyme inhibitors that compete with the substrate for active sites which reduces the productivity of the enzyme.
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Non-Competitive Inhibitors
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Inhibitors that bind to the protein somewhere other than the active site causing it to change shape.
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Allosteric Regulation
- when regulatory molecules affect how an enzyme functions by binding somewhere other than its active site. Can inhibit or stimulate.
- Cooperativity
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When a regulatory molecule binds to the active site of one subunit of an enzyme the induced fit changes the shape of the active site on the other subunit.
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Feedback regulation
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the product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor.
e.g. Isoleucine
- Fermentation
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A catabolic process in sugars are partially degraded without the use of oxygen.
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Cellular Respiration
- A process in which organic compounds plus oxygen yeild CO2 water and energy.
- Oxidation
- The loss of electrons
- Reduction
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A gain of electrons. Reduces the amount of positive charge.
- Reducing Agent
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Substance that donates electrons.
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Oxidizing Agent
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Substance that accepts electrons.
- NAD+
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An oxidizing agent in cellular respiration. It accepts two electrons and a proton to form NADH.
- What are the three stages of cellular respiration?
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1. Glycolysis
2. The citric acid cycle
3. Oxidative phosphorylation
- Glyclysis
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The process by which glucose is broken down giving
2 pyruvate + 2 H2O, 2NADH + 2H+ and a net gain of 2ATP
it requires 2 atp to initiate the process.
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List the ten steps of glycolysis
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1. glucose is phosphorylated
2. its converted to frutcose
3. its phosphorylated again
4. its cleaved into two three carbon sugars
5. its converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
6.its oxidized by Nad and phosphorylated
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List the three steps in the formation of acetyl CoA
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1. CO2 is lost
2. an acetate is formed along with NADH
3. coenzyme A attackes to the acetate
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Krebs Cylce
- Same as citric acid cycle
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Describe the 8 steps of the citric acid cycle
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1. acetyl CoA adds to oxaloacetate to form citrate
2. converted to isocitrate
3. loses CO2 and is oxidized forming a NADH
4. same as 3 but it is attached to CoA at the end
5. CoA is displaced by a phosphate group and ATP i
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chlorophyll
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green pigment located in chloroplasts
- mesophyll
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tissue in the interior of a leaf that contains chloroplasts
- stomata
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microscopic pores that allow gas transport
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Formula for photosynthesis
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6CO2 + 12H2O + light Energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
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The two processes that make up photosynthesis are?
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Thw light reactions and the calvin cycle.
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Action Spectrum
- profile of the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of light in photosynthesis.
- carotenoids
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hrydrocarbons that extend the wavelengths used for photosythesis. Also prevent phlorophyll from being damaged.
- photosystem
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reaction center surrounded by light harvesting complexes.
- hyphae
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tiny filaments that make up the body of yeast
- chitin
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replaces celulose in the cell wall
- mycelium
- mass made of hyphae
- haustoria
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special hyphae that allow fungi to penetrate the tissue of their host
- mycorrhizae
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mutually beneficial relationship between fungi and plant roots
- chytrids
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oldest fungi
- zygomycetes
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molds on produce
- microsporidia
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parasites classified as zygomycetes
- Ascomycetes
- have sac-like sexual spores