ICC - Human Growth & Dev. Chapter 8
Terms
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- Children incorporate into their self-image their growing understanding of how others see them.
- true
- Emotions such as shame and pride develop in middle childhood, not early childhood.
- False
- Harter's research includes 12 levels of development.
- false
- Children who have developed representational systems can integrate their sets of positive and negative emotions.
- true
- Older children can describe conflicting feelings toward the same target, whereas younger children cannot.
- true
- Self-esteem in early childhood tends to be global and unrealistic, reflecting adult approval.
- true
- The main gender difference in early childhood is girls' greater aggressiveness.
- false
- Gender stereotypes peak during the preschool years.
- true
- Gender differences are exclusively behaviorally based.
- false
- According to Parten, play becomes less social during early childhood.
- false
- Nonsocial play is not necessarily immature; it depends on what children do when they play.
- true
- Discipline can be a powerful tool for socialization.
- true
- Authoritative parents tend to raise less competent children.
- false
- Power assertion, inductive techniques, and withdrawal of love can be effective in certain situations.
- true
- Most children become more aggressive after age 6 or 7.
- false
- Family conflict can be used to help children learn rules and standards of behavior and negotiating skills.
- true
- Boys tend to practice relational aggression and girls engage in overt aggression.
- false
- Preschool children show temporary fears of real and imagined objects.
- true
- The incidence of reported maltreatment and abuse of children has decreased since 1970.
- false
- Sibling and peer relationships contribute to self-efficacy.
- true
- Most sibling interactions are negative.
- false
- Siblings tend to resolve disputes on the basis of moral principles, although not always the same ones parents use.
- true
- Same-sex siblings, especially girls, tend to get along best.
- true
- Friends have more positive and negative interactions than do other playmates.
- true
- Parenting does not affect children's social competence with peers.
- false
- The self-concept undergoes major change in _____.
- early childhood
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According to neo-Piagetians, self-definition
a. shifts from single representations to representational mappings.
b. never changes - A
-
Self-esteem in early childhood tends to be
a. unpredictable.
b. global and unrealistic. - b. global and unrealistic.
- According to Erikson, the chief developmental crisis of early childhood is
- initiative vs. guilt.
- The main gender difference in early childhood is
- boys' greater aggressiveness.
-
Gender stereotypes
a. decline until adolescence.
b. peak during the preschool years. - b. peak during the preschool years.
-
The idea that gender differences are biologically based is suggested by
a. differences in brain size and hormonal activity.
b. Freud. - a. Differences in brain size and hormonal activity.
-
According to social cognitive theory, children learn gender roles through
a. socialization.
b. church.
c. parents. - a. socialization
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According to Piaget and Smilansky, the order of cognitive progression in children's play is:
a. formal, functional, pretend, cognitive, constructive.
b. functional, constructive, pretend, formal, games with rules - b. functional, constructive, pretend, formal, games with rules
-
In early childhood, children prefer to play
a. with others of the opposite sex.
b. with others of the same sex. - b. with others of the same sex.
-
The most effective method of discipline is
a. inductive techniques
b. spanking - a. inductive techniques
-
Baumrind identified
a. three parenting styles.
b. four methods of discipline. - a. three parenting styles.
-
The most common type of aggression in early childhood is
a. hostile aggression.
b. instrumental aggression. - b. instrumental aggression.
-
Maltreatment includes
a. physical abuse.
b. neglect.
c. sexual abuse.
d. All of the above. - d. All of the above.
-
Siblings and peer relationship contribute to
a. aggression.
b. self-efficacy. - b. self-efficacy.
-
Most sibling interactions are
a. negative.
b. altruistic.
c. positive.
d. undefined. - c. positive.
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Only children seem to develop
a. with unusual grace.
b. as well as children with siblings. - b. as well as children with siblings.
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Pre-schoolers choose playmates and friends who are
a. unlike them.
b. like them.
c. leaders.
d. none of the above. - b. like them.
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Aggressive children of preschool age are
a. less popular than pro-social children.
b. more popular than pro-social children. - a. less popular than pro-social children.
-
The cluster of characteristics used to describe oneself is known as
a. self-concept.
b. self-definition.
c. real self
d. ideal self. - b. self-definition.
- When a child adopts the characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values, and behavior of the same-sex parent, it is know as
- identification
- Play involving use of objects or materials to make something is classified as
- constructive play
- A discipline strategy designed to discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control is known as
- power assertion.
-
After age 6 or 7, children become
a. less aggressive.
b. more aggressive.
c. more to inclined to pout.
d. more likely to have temper tantrums. - a. less aggressive.
-
According to Kohlberg, gender constancy leads to
a. frustration.
b. acquisition of gender roles.
c. pre-adolescence.
d. cognitive competence. - b. acquisition of gender roles.