nursign : oncology
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- A 43 year old woman is undergoing chemotherapy treatment for uterine cancer. She asks the nurse how chemotherapeutic drugs work. The most accurate explanation would include?
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They affect all rapidly dividing cells.
Cancer cells are characterized by rapid division. Some, but not all, chemotherapeutic drugs affect molecular structure. Chemotherapy slows, not stimulates, cell dividing. all cells are sensitive to drug toxins, but not all chemotherapeutic drugs are toxins; there are several different mechanisms of action - alopecia
- hair loss
- David, age 67 years, is admitted for diagnostic studies to rule out cancer. He is white, has been employed as a landscaper for 40 years, and has a 36-year history of smoking one pack of cigarettes a day. David has three risk factors associated with the d
- d. race
- John's WBC and platelet counts are critically low. He is febrile and complaining of a headache and constipation. Which is the most appropriate nursing intervention for this client?
- Temperature and neurological status need to be closely monitored in leukemic clients, who are at particular risk for infection and intracranial bleeding.
- When a patient takes vincristine, a plant alkaloid, the nurse should assess for symptoms of toxicity affecting the
- nervous system
- An adult experiences severe vomiting from cancer chemotherapy drugs. Which acid-base imbalace should the nurse anticipate?
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Metabolic alkalosis
sever vomiting results in a loss of hydrochloric acid and acids from extracellular flulids, leading to metabolic alkalosos. - As a result of the intensive chemotherapy, John has extensive stomatitis. In order to alleviate the stomatitis pain, you would?
- Topical and systemic analgesics are indicated. - Administer acetaminophen elixir and oral topical anesthetic every 4 hr.
- carcinogenisis
- the process of transforming normal cells into malignant cells
- Initial nursing action for extravasation of a chemotherapeutic agent includes all of the following ;
- immediately discontinuing the infusion; injecting an antidote, if required; placing ice over the site of infiltration(yu don't applying warm comopresses to the phlebitic area)
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to reduce nitrate intake because of possible carcinogenic action, the nurse suggests that a patient decrease his or her intake of:
a. eggs and milk b. fish and poultry c. ham and bacon d. green, leafy vegetables - c. ham and bacon
- an endoscopic procedure can be used to remove an entire piece of suspicious tissue growth. the diagnostic biopsy method used for this procedure is known as
- excisional biopsy
- cytokines
- substances produced by immune system cells to enhance the immune system
- Mr. Smith asks you, "Is this this bronchoscopy necessary? I must have lung cancer after all of these years of smoking. Why doesn't the doctor just start treatment?" your best response would be:
- "Your doctor can't tell for certain that you even have lung cancer unless a tissue speciemn is examined for the presence of cancer cells."
- realizing that chemotherapy can result in renal damage, the nurse should
- encourage fluid intake to dilute the urine
- A 24 year old is diagnosed with Hodgkin's disease Stage 1A. He is being treated with radiation therapy. To minimize skin damage from radiation therapy, the nursing care plan should include which of the following?
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Avoid applying creams and powders to the area.
They may contain heavy metals, will further irritate skin sensitized by radiation therapy and reduce the effectiveness of therapy by blocking radiation. - a patient is admitted for an excisional biopsy of a breast lesion. The nurse should do all of the following
- clarify information provided by the physician; provide aseptic care to the incision postoperatively; provide time for the patient to discuss her concerns.
- allopurinol may be prescribed for a patient who is receiving chemotherapy to
- lower serum and urine uric acid levels
- metastasis
- the spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to distant sites
- Ms. Smith is diagnosed with small-cell lung carcinoma. Her physician has chosern an imtensive combination chemotherapy regimen with which to treat her. In preparation for chemotherapy, you would tell her:
- Chemotherapy is administered intermittently over a specified period of time, in repeated sequences referred to as cycles. Chemotherapy can be given by a variety of routes. There are multiple potential side effects
- An adult develops a second-degree or secondlevel skin reaction from radiation therapy. When evaluation his symptoms. the nurse can expectto find all of the following ecxcept
- Reddening of the skin will not be seen in a second-level or second-degree skin reaction. A second-degree skin reation would be evidenced by scaly skin, an itchy feeling, and dry desquamation.
- nadir
- the lowest point of white blood cell depression
- One of the drugs Ms. Smith will receive is cisplatin. Which of teh following is a nursing implication associatied with this particular drug?
-
IV hydration and mannitol diuretic therapy
Prophylactic antiemetic therapy
Monitoring of renal function - surgery done to remove lesions that are likely to develop into cancer is known as
- prophylactic
- the use of hyperthermia as a treatment modality for cancer may cause
- fatigue, NV, hypotension, skin burn, and tissue damage, thrombophlebitis, diarrhea, and peripheral neuropathies
- An adult client is receivinlg radiation therapy. The nurse is teaching ther client about signs of radiation-induced thrombocytopenia, which cinclude
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a tendency to bruise easily.
Clilents with decreased platelet counts (thrombocytopenia) have a tencency to bruise easily. - an example of palliative surgery is a
- cordotomy
- Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is a biologic response modifier that is a standard form of treatment for cancer of the:
- bladder
- xerostmia
- a dry oaral cavity caused by dysfunction of the aslivary glands
- You are taking care of Ms. Smith the day that she receives her first chemotherapy treatment. Which of the following interventions is Not indicated.
- Isolation from other patients ot prevent cross contamination is not necessary. Precautions (including gowns and gloves) when handling drugs and excreta are necessary. all contaminated equipment should be considered hazardous waste
- As a cause of death in the US, cancer ranks
- 2nd
- invasion
- the growth of the primary utmor into surrounding host tissues in a variety of ways.
- The nurse is caring for a client who is receiving radiation therapy. Which activity by the client indicates he does NOT understand the side effects of rediation therapy?
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Taking his childeren to see Santa at the mall.
People being treated wiht rediation therapy should avoid crowds because of the increased risk of infection. Crowds at Christastime can be very large and children are frequent carriers of infection. Use of an electric razor would be preferable to using a safety razor because of the danger of cutting the skin and causing prolonged bleeding due to the thrombocytopenia. The client should eat a igh-protein diet. The client should call his coctor for a temperature of 101 F - the nurse should assess a cancer patient's nurtitional status by:
- weighing the patient daily
- the ratinale for the effectiveness of radiation therapy is its ability to
- cause cell death; break the strands of the DNA helix; interrupt cellular growth when a nonsurgical approach is needed
- Cancer mortality in the US is highest among
- African Americans
- matastasis
- direct spread of tumor cells to body cavities or through lympatic and blood circulation
- radiation therapy for the treatment of cancer is administered ofer several weeks to :
- allow time for the repair of healthy tissue
- The most common cause of bleeding in cancer patients is
- thrombocyotpenia
- The priority nursing intervention for a cancer patient receiving chemotherapy postoperatively is ?
- Mainta ing the comfort of the postoperative cancer patient through positioning and pain management is the priority nursing intervention.
- A patient with uterine cancer is being treated with internal radiation therapy. A primary nusing responsibility is to:
- explain to the patient that she will continue to emit radiation for approximately 1 eek after the implant is removed
-
carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
prostatespecific antigen (PSA) - two significant tumor-specific antigens present in cancer cells that help with diagnosis and treatment
- The etiology of cancer can be associated with specific agents or factors such as
-
dietary and genetic factors
hormonal and chemical agents
Viruses - the most frequently occurring gram-postive cause of infection in cander patients is:
- Staphylococcus
- The nurse observes an abnormallu low serum sodium level in the client with oat cell carcinoma of the lung. Upon further investigationm, the nurse notes an increase urinary sodium, and a ten pound weight gain of the client in two days, the nurse reports t
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SIADH (Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone)
Cells excrete ADH causing the disorder. A dilutional hyponatremia is caused by increased fluid volume which would cause weight gain. Consequently, the body attempts to compensate and rid the body of the excess volume by excreting sodium. - a major disadvantage of chemotherapy is that it:
- targets normal body cells as well as cancer cells
- anaplasia
- cells that lack normal cellular characteristics and differ from other cells in shape and organization. Anaplastic cells are usually malignant
- Cancer cells can affect the immune system by:
-
stimulating the release of T lymphocytes into the circulation
suppressing the patient's natural defenses
mobilizing macrophages - primary prevention
- concerned with reducing the risk or preventing the development of cancer in healthy people
- The nurse recongnizes the person at highest risk of developing prostate cancer is?
- Cancer of the prostate is rare before the age of 50, but increased with each decade. Black men develop it twice as frequentlyl as caucasian men andd at an earliler age
- Mrs. Jones is crying when you enter the room and tells you she is very frightende. Your nmost appropriate response would be (r/t cancer)
- "I can see that you're very upset. Let's talk abut some of your concerns." Encouraginv the venting of fears and concerns assists the client to verbalize anxiety.
- secondary prevention
- involves detection and screening effors to achieve early diagnosis and prompt intervention to halt the cancerous
- cure
- implies complete eradicatiomn of malignant disease
- In teaching Mrs.Jones about external radiation therapy, your instructions would include?
- External beam therapy is administered daily over a period of weeks. Actual treatment lasts onlyl a few minutes.
- As part of your teaching regarding skin casre, you would tell Mrs. Jones to:
- Tight-fitting clothing should be avoided to protect the fragile skin from further irritation. Lotions, soap, and powder should not be applied to the treatment area without physician approval.
- control
- strives for prolonged survival with the presence of malignancy
- In addition to combination chemotherapy with intravenous drugs, Johbn will also receive intrathecal methotrexate for lymphoblstic leukemia. This drug will be giben inlto the?
- Intrathecal drug administration refers to drugs given directly into the spinal fluid to treat leukemic infiltration of the brain.
- p;lliation
- implies relief of symptoms associated with the cancerous disease
- John is engaged and was planning on being married when he graduated college. He and his fiance ask you about the reproductive consequences of chemotherapy. Which of the following is the nost appropriate statement concering the reproductiv eeffects of che
- Sperm banking is an option for future procreaton. Contraception is still necessary; sterility is a potential, but is not guaranteed. Impotence refers to imparied eractile function, not sperm production
- staginh of tumor cells
- tumor size and existence of metastasis
- grading
- tumor cell classificaton
- cachexia
- appetite failure resulting in a wasting syndrome
- radiation therapy side effects of skin
- alopecia, erythema, desquamtion
- radiation therapy side effects of oral mucosal membrane
- werstomia, stmatitis, dicreased salivaiton,lossof taste
- radiation therapy side effects of stomach or colon
- anorexia, NV, diarrhea
- radiation therapy side effects of bone marrow-rpoducing sites
- anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia
- kim's husband refuses to paricipate in any discussion about his wife's diagnosis (breast cancer). the nurse realizes that he is using the defense mechanism of
- denial
- postoperatively, Kim esperiences sever incisional pain. The nurse realizes that Kim;s percepton of pain is possibly influenced by
- tissue manipulation during surgery; anger stemming from her change in body image; apprehension regarding the prognosis of her condition
- Kim is scheduled to begin radiation therapy: relizing the side effects of radiation therapy, the nuse should prepare KIm for
- her lungs may possibly produce more mucus; she may tire more easily and require additional rest periods; the skin at the treatment area may become red and inflamed
- The nurse should teach Kim what she can do to protect her skin between radiation treatment. measures include
- handle the area gently; aboid irritation with soap and water; wear loose-fitting clothing
- After three weeks( radiation treatments) Kim develops a fever, sore throat, and cold symptoms. The nurse knows that Kim's symptoms could be due to
- bone marrow depression, altered nutrition, leukopenia
- nursing assessment during Kim's chemotherapy includes observing for (after rediation)
- evidence of stomatitis, symptoms of infection owing to granulocytopenia, renal and hepatic abnormalities
- Kim is diagnosed as having thrombocytopenia. The nurse should assess for
- hematuria, hematemesis, ecchymosis
- the nurse will assess for the postoperative complication of septic shock which is associatied with
- oliguria, metabolic acidosis, dysrhythmias
- regf
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