Biopsychology Chapter 9
Terms
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- ENDOGENOUS CIRCANNUAL RHYTHM
- An internal rhythm/calendar that prepares an animal for seasonal changes.
- ENDOGENOUS CIRCADIAN RHYTHM
- Self-generated rhythm that lasts about a day.
- BIOLOGICAL CLOCK
- The rhythm the brain generates.
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SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS
(SCN) -
Area of the hypothalamus.
Mainly responsible for regulating the circadian rhythm for sleep and temperature. - PINEAL GLAND
- An endocrine gland that releases melatonin
- MELATONIN
- A hormone that increases sleepiness.
- FREE-RUNNING RHYTHM
- A rhythm that occurs when no stimuli resets or alters it.
- ZEITGEBER
- Stimulus that resets the circadian rhythm.
- JET LAG
- Disruptions of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones.
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ELECTROENCEPHALONOGRAPH
(EEG) - Records a gross average of the electrical potentials of the cells and fibers in the brain area closest to each electrode attatched to the scalp.
- ALPHA WAVES
-
Characteristic of the relaxed state.
Have a frequency of 8-12 Hz per second. - SLEEP SPINDLE
-
Characteristic of stage 2 sleep.
Consists of 12-14 Hz waves during a burst lasting for at least half a second. - K-COMPLEX
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Characteristic of stage 2 sleep.
Consists of a sharp, high amplitude negative wave followed by a smaller, slower, positive wave.
Can occur in other stages. - SLOW-WAVE SLEEP
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Sleep stages 3 and 4.
Neuronal activity is highly synchronized. - PARADOXICAL SLEEP
- REM sleep.
- RAPID EYE MOVEMENT (REM) SLEEP
- Sleep stage with rapid eye movements, high brain activity, and relaxation of the large muscles.
- POLYSOMNOGRAPH
- Combinatin of EEG and eye-movement records
- SLEEP APNEA
- Inability to breath while sleeping.
- PONTOMESENCEPALON
- Part of the reticular formation that contributes to cortical arousal.
- LOCUS COERULEUS
-
Small structure inm the pons.
Usually inactive but emits bursts of impulses releasing norepinephrine in response to meaningful events. - ADENOSINE
-
Breakdown product of AMP.
Neuromodulator that inhibits the basal forebrain cells that promote arousal and wakefulness. - CAFFEINE
- Drug found in coffee/tea/soft drinks that increases arousal by blocking adenosine.
- PROSTAGLANDINS
-
Chemicals in most of the body that promote sleep.
Immune system increases their concentration in response to infection. - PGO SLEEP
- Distinctive pattern of high amplitude electrical potentials associated with REM slepe.
- INSOMNIA
- Lack of sleep that leaves the person feeling tired the next day.
- ONSET INSOMNIA
- Trouble falling asleep.
- TERMINATION INSOMNIA
- Waking too early with the inability to get back to sleep.
- NARCOLEPSY
- A condition characterized by frequent and unexpected periods of sleepiness during the day.
- CATAPLEXY
-
Symptom associated with narcolepsy.
Attack of muscle weakness while the person remains awake. - SLEEP PARALYSIS
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Symptom of narcolepsy.
Complete inability to move when falling asleep.
May be experienced by non-narcoleptics. - HYPNAGOGIC HALLUCINATIONS
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Symptom of narcolepsy.
Dreamlike experiences the individual has difficulty distinguishing from reality. - PERIODIC LIMB MOVEMENT DISORDER
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Sometimes linked to insomnia.
Repeated involuntary movement of legs and sometimes arms while sleeping. - REM BEHAVIOR DISORDER
- A condition where people move around vigorously during REM periods, apparently acting out dreams.
- NIGHT TERRORS
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Experiences of intense anxiety from which a person awakens screaming in terror.
Occurs during non-REM sleep. - REPAIR AND RESTORATION THEORY OF SLEEP
- Main function of sleep is to let the brain and body repair and restore themselves.
- ACTIVATION SYNTHESESIS HYPOTHESIS
- Cortex combines haphazard input from PGO activated parts of the cortex with whatever else is occuring, summates and interprets to synthesize a story. = DREAM
- EVOLUTIONARY THEORY OF SLEEP
- We evolved a need to sleep to force us to conserve energy when we would be relatively inefficient.
- CLINCO-ANATOMICAL HYPOTHESIS
- View that regards dreams as simply thinking that takes place under unusual conditions.