A & P Ch 4 biol 3355
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- Name the 4 basic tissue types?
- neural, muscle, connective, and epithelial
- Name the 5 characteristics of epithelial tissue?
-
CPAAR
cellularity, polarity, attachemnt, avascularity, regeneration - Cellularity?
- cell closely bound by cell junctions
- Polarity?
-
uneven distribution of cytoplasm and organelles.
difference in struture and function of apical and basal surface - Attachment?
- bound to basal lamina
- Avascularity?
- obtain nutrients by diffusion
- Regeneration?
- high rate of cell division and replacement
- Give the 4 functions of epithelial?
- control permeability, protection, provide sensation, produce secretions
- List major epithelial cell specializations and their locations?
-
Generally polar
movement of fluids over a surface for lubrication and protection, movement of fluids through epithelium to control permeability, produce secretions for protection or as a messenger. - Microvilli?
- Increase surface area, sign of site of absorbtion and secretion.
- Cilia?
- use a beating motion to move substances ex mucus.
- Name 3 factors that give epithlial its strength or integrity?
- intercellular conncetions,attachment to basal lamina, maintanence and repair (regeneration)
- Name the 3 cell junctions?
- tight, gap, and desmosome( divided into button and hemi)
- Tight?
- Uses a continuous adhesion belt to bind by interlockin membrane protiens to lipid portion of nighbors. prevent passage of water and solutes like digestive track
- Gap?
- intercellular communication by channel proteins connexons which allow movement of small molecules and ions,ex cells w/ cilia or cardiac & smooth muscle
- Mechanical stresses?
- bending, stretching, twisting, or compression
- Desmosomes?
- PROTEOGLYCANS(INTERCELLULAR CEMENT)AND CAMs LINK OPPOSING CELL MEMBRANES at the desne area which is connected to the cytoskeleton TO CREATE A STRONG DURABLE CONNECTION
- Button desmosomes?
- Small disks of intermediat fibers that act as cross braces
- Hemidesmosome?
- Half buttons that bind to extracellular filaments and anchor cell position to underlying connective tissue
- Basal lamina?
- or basement membrane made of 2 layers
- lamina lucida?
- thin clear layer that contains glycoproteins and acts as barrier to large molecules and protein
- Lamina densa?
- deeper layer, gives it its strength fibers attach the two layers and hemidesmosomes attach cell to basal lamina. densa also acts as a filter that determins what substances can diffuse b/t tissues
- simple epithelia?
- 1 layer thick, frigile, found in internal compartments and pasageways including ventral body cavities heart chambers and blood vessels, good for secretion and absorbtion
- Stratified?
- more than 1 layer thick provide protection from mechanicle or chemical stresses found in the skin and lining of the mouth
- Squamous?
- thin flat jigsaw like,
- Cuboidal?
- tiny boxes or hexagons nucleus in the middle
- Columnar?
- tall and slender
- Mesothelium?
- simple squamous that line chambers or passageways that do not communicate w/ the outside world ex superficial layer of pleura, peritoneum and pericardium
- Endothelium?
-
simple squamous epithelial lining inner surface of heart and blood vessels
endo inside - germinative cells
- stem cells located near the basal lamina
- Simple squamous?
- line ventral body cavities inside(endo) and out(meso),secretion absorbtion, slick slippery surface reduces friction, controls vessle permeability
- Stratified squamous?
- layers proved protection against abrasions (mechanical), patogen or chemical attack some cells are keritinized
- Keratin?
- protein that is water resistant and tough can protect against dehydration
- Simple cuboidal?
- limited protection, secretion and absorbtion found in gland, ducts,lines kidney tubules thyroid gland
- Stratified cuboidal?
- rare line some ducts protection secretion absorbtion found in sweat and mammary glands
- Simple columnar?
- protection secretion absorption found in stomach small and large intestine
- Stratified columnar?
- protection, found in
- Endocrine?
- release hormones directly into interstitiual fluid to regulate tissues, organs and organs systems
- exocrine?
- glands w/ ducts
- give 3 modes of secretion?
- meracrine, apocrine, holocrine
- meracrine?
- most common release by exocytosis ex sweat and salivary
- apocrine?
-
apo = off
shed off a portion of cytoplasam w/ secretory vesicles ex mammary are both apo and mera - Holocrine?
- burst like a lytic cell releasing vesicles
- Give 3 types of secretions?
- serous, mucous, mixed
- serous secretions?
- secretes watery solution of enzymes ex partoid salivary gland
- Mucous secretions?
- secretes mucin that hydrates to mucous ex sublinguil salivary gland and submucosal of small intestine
- Mixed secretions?
- ex submandibular
- Goblet cell?
- only unicellular exocrine gland, which secretes mucin ex tracha small and large intestine
- Multicellular exocrine glands are characterized by 3 characteristics?
-
duct structure(simple compound)
Shape (tubular-straight or coiled,alveolar or acinar)
Relationhip b/t duct and gland area branched or not - Gland cells?
- epithelial cells that produce secretions
- Connective tissues have?
- specialized cell, extra cellular protein fibers, a fluid known as ground substance
- Matrix?
-
Extracellular fluid and ground substance
matrix accounts for most of epithelial tissue volume - What does connective tissue do?
- highly vascular contains sensory receptors, establishs framework by supporting surrounding and interconnecting other tissues, transports fluid, protects organs, store energy and defends agains microbs
- 3 general connective tissues are?
- connective tissue proper, fluid and supporting
- Connective tissue proper?
- divided into loose and dense
- Fluid connective tissue?
- two types blood and lymph, cells suspended in watery matrix that contains dissolved proteins
- Supporting connective tissue?
- Cartilage and bone support weight of body and protect soft tissue, cartilage matrix is gel, bone is calcified