Bioconcepts Exam 3
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- In Tay-Sachs, the cause of the disease can be traced to several mutations the Hexa gene, which encodes for an enzyme crucial for the degradation of a brain ________.
- fatty acid
- The _________ is a useful device to determine the probability of inheritance, and is usually represented by a 2 x 2 grid showing combinations of parental alleles.
- Punnett Square
- _________ is the most common genetic disorder in the United States.
- Cystic fibrosis
- Duchene muscular dystrophy and Color blindness are examples of _______ disorders.
- Sex-linked
- Chromosomal disorders are a group of genetic disorders where the genetic changes have occurred at the level of the __________
- chromosomes
- In 1977, Fred Sanger developed the technology for sequencing DNA, and was the first person to sequence the DNA of a _________.
- virus
- The human genome contains about ________ bases.
- 3 billion
- Although the number of _______ in the human genome was estimated to be about 100,000, in fact it turned out to only be about a quarter of that.
- genes
- Even thought humans have relatively few genes, the process of _______ allows for the same exons to encode for multiple proteins.
- Alternative splicing
- Even though we are one of the most complex organisms on the planet, less than ____ percent of the human genome is used to encode functional proteins.
- 2
- In eukaryotic organisms, genes are not contiguous, but instead are split into small segments, known as ________.
- exons
- DNA sequences that resemble genes but are non-functional and are likely to be the remains of once-active genes that have mutated into non-functional genes are called _______.
- pseudogenes
- _______ are examples of repeating sequences in the human genome, with repeats of only 2 to 3 base pairs
- Microsatellites
- Some of the most abundant junk DNA in the human genome is made of ________, which are DNA sequences that behave like viruses and act independently.
- Transposons
- The sequencing of the human genome shows us that _______ is power, _______ is predicting, and that ________ is ruling.
- Knowledge Explaining, Predicting
- Type I diabetes is an ________ disease, because the bodies own cells are perceived to be foreign and are destroyed by the immune system.
- autoimmune
- Fetal alcohol syndrome is a _________ disorder, where the normal brain is altered by a prenatal exposure to alcohol.
- developmental
- For Fetal Alcohol syndrome, it appears that the greatest damage is done during the time most mothers do not know when they are __________.
- pregnant
- After an egg is fertilized by a sperm it forms a ______ .
- zygote
- The mixing of cells from two different fertilized eggs together will result in a mosaic creature known as a _______.
- chimera
- Children, nicknamed Snowflake Kids, are children who have been born from ______ embryos.
- frozen
- Any developmental biologist will assert that the most important event in your life is not birth, marriage, or death but it is _________ .
- gastrulation
- The frequency of conjoined twins is 1 in ________ births.
- 200,000
- The _______ layer of the gastrula will go on to form the muscle, cartilage, and bone of the fetus.
- mesoderm
- Although many people feel that the birth of a child is a miracle, it is even more astounding when one considers the fact that over _____ percent of embryos are either unable to undergo gastrulation or fail to successfully execute it.
- 35
- Fertilization in humans occurs in one of the females _________.
- Fallopian tubes
- In 1997, , the cloning of a sheep named _______ provided proof that nuclear transfer of DNA also works in mammals.
- Dolly
- Spinal cord injuries are not treatable because cranial nerve cells in adult humans cannot ______ once they are injured.
- regenerate
- Scientists have found that there are a small group of genes known as the ______ genes which are responsible for directing the body pattern formation in all animals.
- homeobox
- The simple round worm known as Caenorhabditis elegans is a great model organism to study development because it has less than _______ cells.
- 1,000
- Sexual reproduction creates__________ between the sexes.
- conflict
- __________ within a species benefits the species by guaranteeing that some members of the species can adapt to ________________ changes.
- heterogeneity, environment
- Human males produce _____________ to _____________ sperm per ejaculation, which increases the chance of _____________.
- 200 million, 300 million, fertilization
- The operational sex ratio is a ratio between ____________ males to _________ females.
- sexually receptive; sexually receptive
- The OSR reflects a situation of ___________ and _____________.
- supply; demand
- Ibex males will _____________ other males for the chance to take control of the female herd and thus mate with them.
- fight
- When another lion takes over a pride, he will typically _____________ the cubs, which will in turn causes the female to be__________________ towards him.
- kills; sexually receptive
- Some insect species use ______________________ , in the form of food, to attract potential mates.
- mating gifts
- _________________ ________________ is a type of male competition where the males search for and mate with females as soon as they are sexually receptive.
- scramble competition
- ____________ ______________ is an category of male attraction strategies, where the male will have showy feathers or vibrant plumage which is used to attract females.
- Ornamental Display
- As seen in the video, lyrebirds will mark out several territories on the forest floor and perform a song and dance. These territories are otherwise known as _____________.
- leks
- Morphological and ________ attributes of a male that lead to successful mating will be passed on to the next generation.
- Behavioral
- Male ruby-throated humming birds will defend _______________ that females need for reproduction.
- resources
- __________ is defined as using the biological traits of an organism; the ________ of these traits results in a female or male organism.
- sex, sum
- The male sex hormone is _______________, which is produced by the ________________ and the ___________.
- testosterone; testes; adrenal glands
- All _________ have the potential to become either male or female because they both have the same chromosomes except for the sex chromosomes.
- embryos
- At __________ after fertilization an embryo will receive cues that will determine if it will develop as either male or female.
- 6 weeks
- Under the influence of estrogen, the ____________ ducts will begin to transform into internal female ___________.
- Mullerian; genitalia
- In male embryos the ____________ gene on the Y chromosome becomes active at around 6 weeks after fertilization.
- SRY
- In males, testosterone stimulates the development of the ___________ ducts into internal genitalia, while the ___________ develops into external the genitalia.
- Wolffian; cloaca
- Although, the SRY gene acts as a ________________, there are about ________________ genes implicated in sexual development.
- master switch; 10-12
- Estrogens and testosterone belong to a group of hormones called ____________, and both originate from the same precursor, ________________.
- steroid hormones; cholesterol
- ______________ occurs in 1:1,000 male births and the characteristics of this syndrome are infertility, abnormal secondary sex characteristics, and long limb physique.
- Kleinfelter syndrome
- _________________ or super male syndrome occurs in 1 out of every 850 male births and the male will exhibit _____________ secondary sex characteristics and will be _____________.
- XXY; normal; fertile
- In crocodiles _____________ determines the sex of the offspring.
- temperature
- ___________ is an attitude that attributes human motivations, characteristics, or behaviors to inanimate objects, animals, or natural phenomena.
- Anthropomorphism
- In males, both the primary and the secondary ________ characteristics are the under the control of testosterone.
- sexual
- Females may choose a male bird with the most perfect plumage because dull or drab feathers may indicate that a male is carrying many _________ .
- parasites
-
The intensity of the red color in the feathers of the male house finch is related to how well he
_________ . - forages
- Human _______ are an advertisement for good genes, fertility, and health, and particularly humans are attracted to perfect symmetry in this feature.
- faces
- It has been shown that human _____ genes, which are important in fighting off disease, can be detected by females who can tell smell the proteins these genes produce.
- MHC
- When human females pick faces of potential male mates, it was noticed that their choice was dependent on their level of sexual susceptibility. For instance, during _______ , the females tended to select a masculine sexual partner.
- ovulation
- Male _________ capture prey and pass it to the female in mid-flight, as a way to demonstrate his hunting and aerial skills.
- Marsh Harriers
- When you are hungry and smell food cooking, you automatically start to salivate. This is an example of a _______ which triggers a fixed action pattern.
- sign stimuli
- In wolf spiders, the males display a large ________ on their legs, which they use to entice a female to breed.
- tuft of hair
- The migration and mating behavior of sockeye salmon results from a powerful biological ______ that is triggered by both genetic and environmental factors, causing the adults to make a 1,500 mile journey to spawn.
- drive
- For humans, riding a bicycle is an example of a learned ________ program, because it takes multiple steps to perform the task.
- motor
- A ________ causation describes how or by what mechanism an animal behaves.
- proximate
- Chimpanzee society is dominated by ______ who often kill young behave violently.
- males
- One explanation for why Bonobo societies developed differently from chimpanzees was due to the extinction of __________ who once prevented Bonobos from feeding on the ground.
- gorillas
- With the current growth rate of 1.2%, the human global population at 2050 is likely to be over ______ billion.
- nine
- The current population size of _______ is currently at 1.1 billion, and it is predicted that the country of ________ is the world’s most populous nation.
- India, China
- The _________ influences the size of a population by affecting the reproductive strategies that are used by the organisms.
- environment
- Organisms that live in an environment with unstable resources produce a large number of offspring. This type of reproductive strategy is known as ________.
- r-selection
- Species that use the _________ strategy live in an environment with predictable resources and a low predation rate.
- K-selection
- __________ is a measure of how many individuals an environment can support based on the availability of resources.
- Carrying capacity
- Around the year 1 AD, the worlds human population was estimated to be about __________.
- 300 million
- The development of societies based on __________ at about 10,000 years ago was largely responsible for expanding the human population.
- agriculture
- Since the industrial revolution, the large growth in the human population has been sustained by the development and the use of __________ for food production.
- technology
- Pandemic diseases, illiteracy, and sanitation breakdowns are just some of the results of human __________.
- overpopulation
- By 2050, the world population could reach 11 billion, if the global fertility rate remains above _____ children per family.
- two
- It has been estimated that the _______ policy has reduced the population of China by as much as 300 to 400 million people.
- one child
- Even though _______ has the longest life expectancy in the world, its population is shrinking because of low _________.
- Japan, birth rates
- Although the birth rate in the U.S. is relatively low, the U.S. population has continued to grow because of the addition of _________.
- immigrants
- Even though sub-Saharan African is experiencing an increase in its population, it also has an epidemic of _______, which is have devastating effects on its population.
- AIDS
- West Nile fever and Japanese encephalitis are examples of diseases caused by _______.
- arboviruses
- An average human brain weighs _____.
- 3 pounds
- Even though the brain makes up only ___ percent of the body weight, it uses _____ percent of the body’s energy supply.
- 2, 20
- Research has demonstrated that the __________ is the processing center in the brain for short-term memory.
- hippocampus
- Nerve cells are operated by a combination of electrical currents and ___________ transmitters.
- chemical
- Axons release _________ across the cleft of synapses, after receiving electrical signals from nerves.
- neurotransmitters
- These basic functions of nerves have remained essentially unchanged for ________ million years.
- 500
- During most of their adult life, __________ workers perform many duties in the hives, however, in the last two weeks of their life, all individuals transform into foragers.
- honey bee
- ________ are small mammals of the mongoose family, and are highly social animals, forming groups as large as 40 individuals.
- Meerkats
- Humans live in a ____________ society that has frequent changes in alliances, both between individuals and between groups.
- fission-fusion
- In humans, _______ is a powerful way to attract a mating partner through the demonstration of intelligence, wit, and eloquence.
- language
- A brain’s complexity results mainly from the types and numbers of _________ that each nerve cell has with other nerve cells.
- connections