A & P Tissues
Terms
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- What functions does the epithelial perform?
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1. Protects, covers and lines
2. Filters biochem substances
3. Absorbs nutrients
4. Provides sensory input
5. Manufactures secretions
6. Manufactures excretions - Apical surface
- Side of cell that faces the lumen or body cavity.
- Basal surface
- Side of the cell that
- Are epithelial cells avascular? What does that mean?
- Yes. They rely on underlying connective tissue for nutrients and oxygen since they lack blood vessels or capillaries.
- What are the different types of junctional complexes?
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1. Tight Junction
2. Gap Junction
3. Desmosome - Keratin
- Protective waterproof substance.
- What are the four primary types of tissue?
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1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Nervous - Simple Epithelial
- provide little protection to connective tissue and are therefore found in protected areas of the body such as internal compartments, ducts, vessels and passageways.
- Stratified epithelial
- Thicker and stronger, found in areas of the body that are subjected to mechanical and chemical stress.
- Transitional epithelium
- Ability to stretch. Found in regions of the body that are required to expand and contract as part of their normal function (aka bladder).
- Exocrine gland
- Tear drop shape gland in epithelial. Act locally and do not enter circulation.
- Endocrine gland
- Have a sinusoid and secretory cells. They produce and excrete hormones and are carried to many regions of the body.
- Gland
- A cell or group of cells that have the ability to manufacture and discharge a secretion.
- Fixed Cells (Connective tissue)
- Fibroblast. Large irregular in shape that manufacture and secrete both fibers and the ground substance characteristic of their particular matrix. Very metabolically active.
- Collagenous fibers
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Strong, thick strands of collagen
Organized into bundles of long, parallel fibrils composed of bundled microfibrils
Variable density and arrangement of fibers
Found in tendons and ligaments
- Reticular Fibers
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Thin, delicate, branched networks of collagen
Provide support for highly cellular organs (endocrine glands, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and liver)
Also found around blood vessels, nerves, muscle fibers, and capillaries
- Elastic Fibers
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Branched networks composed primarily of the protein elastin
Composed of coiled bundles of microfibrils
Occur in tissues commonly subjected to stretching (vocal cords, lungs, skin, and walls of blood vessels)
- Transient Cells
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Involved in the repair and protection of tissues.
Examples:
Leukocytes, mast cells, macrophages, heprin, histamine. - Loose Connective Tissue
- Areolar, Adipose, Reticular
- Dense Connective Tissue
- Dense regular, dense irregular, elastic.
- Areolar CT
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Loose connective tissue
Fibers and cells suspended in a thick, translucent ground substance
Surrounds every organ; forms the layer that connects skin to muscle; envelopes blood vessels, nerves, and lymph nodes; present in all mucous membranes
- Adipose Tissue
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Loose connective tissue
Areolar tissue in which adipocytes predominate
Highly vascular
Acts as an energy storehouse and a thermal insulator
Two types
White and brown
- Reticular Connective Tissue
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Loose connective tissue
Network of thin reticular fibers.
Contains loosely arranged fibers and many fibroblasts suspended in a supportive ground substance
Forms the stroma (framework of several organs)
- Dense Regular Connective Tissue
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Composed of tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers
Relatively avascular
Makes up the tendons and ligaments
Can be found in fascial sheets that cover muscles
- Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
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Composed primarily of collagen fibers arranged in thick bundles
Fibers are interwoven to form a single sheet
Found in the dermis of the skin and in the fibrous coverings of many organs
Forms the tough capsule of joints
- Elastic Connective Tissue
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Primarily composed of elastic fibers
Fibers may be arranged parallel or in interwoven patterns with fibroblasts and collagenous fibers interspersed
Found in spaces between vertebrae and in areas of the body that require stretching (walls of arteries, stomach, bronchi, bladder, etc.)
- Specialized Connective Tissues
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* Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Bone
Blood
- Hyaline Cartilage
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Most common type of cartilage found in the body
Composed of closely packed collagen
Found in joints at the ends of long bones, growth plates of long bones, tracheal rings, and connections of the ribs to the sternum
Composes most of the embryonic skeleton Enclosed within a perichondrium
- Elastic Cartilage
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Contains elastic fibers in dense branching bundles
Flexible: can withstand repeated bending
Found in the epiglottis of the larynx and in pinnae of ears of animals
- Fibrocartilage
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Usually found merged with hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue
Contains thick bundles of collagen fibers with fewer chondrocytes than hyaline cartilage
Lacks a perichondrium Found in spaces between vertebrae of the spine, between bones in the pelvic girdle, and in the knee joint
- Bone
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Matrix is a combination of organic collagen fibers and inorganic calcium salts
Well vascularized
- Canaliculi
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Channels within the matrix support passage of blood vessels into deeper portions of tissue.
- Osteoblasts
- Produce bone, develop from cartilage.
- Osteoclasts
- Reshape and remodel damaged bones.
- Osteocytes
- Mature bone cells.
- Types of blood cells
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Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes - Erythrocytes
- Red Blood Cells
- Leukocytes
- White blood cells.
- Thrombocytes
- Platelets.
- What are the 4 types of membranes?
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- Mucous
- Serous
- Cutaneous
- Synovial - Mucous Membranes
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Line organs with connections to the outside environment (mouth, intestines, nasal passages, etc.)
Usually composed of either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium covering a layer of loose connective tissue
- Submucosa
- connective tissue layer that connects the mucosa to underlying structures.
- Serous Membranes
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Line walls and cover organs of body cavities (e.g., thorax and abdominopelvic cavities)
Consist of a continuous sheet doubled over on itself to form two layers
The portion of the membrane that lines the cavity wall is called the parietal layer.
The portion of the membrane that covers the outer surface of organs is called the visceral layer.
In abdominopelvic cavity, visceral layers of serosa merge to form mesenteries.
- Cutaneous Membrane
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Also called integument (or, more simply, skin)
Composed of an outer keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, or epidermis
Epidermis is attached to an underlying layer of dense irregular connective tissue called the dermis
.
Dermis contains collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers which enable skin to be both strong and elastic
- Synovial Membranes
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Line the cavities of joints
Composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue covered by a layer of collagen fibers and fibroblasts
Manufacture the synovial fluid that fills the joint spaces
Has no epithelium – exclusive to connective
- What are the three types of muscle tissue?
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- Skeletal
- Smooth
- Cardiac - Skeletal Tissue
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Voluntary
Striated
Large cells - Smooth Muscle
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Small spindle cells
Non Striated
In voluntary
Found in walls of hollow organs, exocrine glands and along respiratory tract.
- Cardiac Muscle
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Only in the heart
Specialized pacemaker cells
Involuntary
Striated
Connected to one another via intercalated disks (velcro) - Nervous Tissue
- Found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
- Two cell types for nervous tissue?
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-Neurons
-Supporting neuroglial cells - Neurons
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Longest cells in the body and have three primary parts.
1. Perikaryon- cell body; contains nucleus
2. Dendrites- Recieve impulses
3. Axons- Impulses away from the cell body - Edema
- Swelling
- Inflammation
- initial reponse to injuries
- Adipose = ?
- Fat
- Brown fat vs. white fat
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Brown
- only found in new born animals that hibernate
White
- throughout body, in deep tissues, everyone has it. - Mast Cell
- transient cell of connective tissue containing heparin and histamine used in the inflammatory response and help increase blood flow.