Behavioral Sciences
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Id
- primative, animalistic desires
- Ego
- "best foot forward"
- Superego
- conscience
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Freud
- developmental stages - Oral, Anal, Oedipal (3-6), Latency (6-11), Genital
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Piaget
- developmental stages -
Cognitive development in children followed definite stages, which he felt would be correlated with the physical maturation of the nervous system.
Sensorimotor Stage (0-2), Preoperations (2-6), Concrete Operations (grade school years), Abstract Operations (starts in early adolescence) -
Erikson
- developmental stages -
Stage 1 (Trust vs. Mistrust) – desired outcome is hope
Stage 2 (Autonomy vs Doubt) – 1-3 years, elimination and its importance, child can either experience him/herself as a self-controlling, autonomous person or a shame-filled and doubting one; ideal outcome is will
Stage 3 (Initiative vs. Guilt) – 3-6 years, sense of purpose emerges if child isn’t overly burdened with guilt
Stage 4 (Industry vs. Inferiority) – 6-12 years, children strive for a sense of competence during this period
Stage 5 (Identity vs. Role Confusion) – adolescence, desired outcome is stable sense of Identity and Fidelity toward a chosen value system, instead of Role Confusion.
Stage 6 (Intimacy vs Isolation) – evolves towards search for Love
Stage 7 (Generativity vs Stagnation) – 30-60 years, priority for one’s life is caring about and for others
Stage 8 (Ego Integrity vs Despair) – desired outcome is wisdom - at what month do children have fairly good bladder and bowel control?
- 15 months, 24 months dry all day, all night another story
- At 24 months what % of its eventual weight is the child's brain? by 5 years?
- 75%, 90%
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Valliant's Ego Defense Mechanisms:
Level I -
- denial of external reality
- delusions of persecution -
Valliant's Ego Defense Mechanisms:
Level II -
- fantasy, withdrawal and denial
- hypocondriasis -
Valliant's Ego Defense Mechanisms:
Level III -
- intellectualization
- repression
- reaction formation -
Valliant's Ego Defense Mechanisms:
Level IV -
- sublimation
- altruism
- postponing -
Valliant's Ego Defense Mechanisms:
Level V - humor, openly expressing feelings and ideas without hurting
- what are the three phases of the Family Cycle?
- Establishment Phase, New Parents Phase, Child-Rearing Phase
- name six factors contributing to child neglect
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inadequate housing
dangerous housing
lack of medical care
threatening neighborhoods
inability to provide basic necessities
single-parent households - name six consequences of neglect
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language and intelligence deficits and delays
behavioral problems such as aggression
unhappiness
anger
poor problem-solving ability
increased risk of future violent criminal activity in males experiencing childhood neglect - name five consequences of childhood sexual abuse
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sexualized behavior
post-traumatic stress disorder
sexual dysfunction
anxiety and depression
revictimization experiences - name five risk factors for child maltreatment
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children with complex medical problems
children with developmental delays
unwanted children
"difficult" children with colic or hyperactivity
caregiver under significant life stressors - name four historical indicators of child maltreatment
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history of repeated, suspicious injuries
unreasonable delay in seeking treatment
injury is inconsistent with child's developmental age
history of injury changes with different historians - name seven physical indicators of child maltreatment
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bruises on uncommonly injured body surfaces
blunt-instrument marks or burns
human hand marks or bite marks
multiple injuries at different stages of healing
evidence of poor ccare or FTT
circumferential immersion burns
unexplained retinal hemorrhages - name five fracture types often associated with child abuse
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metaphyseal lesion
posterior rib fracture
scapular fracture
spinous process fracture
sternal fracture - 4 divisions of maltreating familes
-
best --> worst
vulnerable-to-crisis
restorable
supportable
inadequate - what are the seven basic threats of illness
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(1) threats to narcissistic integrity
(2) reactivation of guilt / shame
(3) fear of loss of love/approval
(4) separation anxiety
(5) fear of loss of control
(6) fear of loss of, or injury to, body parts
(7) fear of strangers -
mechanisms of defense:
denial - removal from conscious awareness and voluntary control a set of related impulses, feelings, and ideas
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mechanisms of defense:
repression - drives, feelings, and ideas are involuntarily excluded from conscious awareness
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mechanisms of defense:
reaction formation - do the opposite
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mechanisms of defense:
projection - your own drives you attribute to others
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mechanisms of defense:
undoing - with a physical or mental operation one attempts to counteract the effect one assumes to have resulted from an unconscious drive, feeling, or idea
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mechanisms of defense:
isolation - logical or associational connection between two ideas is made unconscious
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mechanisms of defense:
introjection - a mechanism of internalizing the image of another person
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mechanisms of defense:
regression - turning back from an organized pattern of behavior and mentatation deriving from a later phase of development to that of an earlier phase of development
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mechanisms of defense:
rationalization - occurences arising from or motivated by irrational drives are explained as being the result of circumstances or logical thought processes
- List the 7 categories of elder abuse according to the NARCEA
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(1) physical abuse
(2) psychological or emotional
(3) financial or material - e.g. theft and misappropriation of funds
(4) neglect
(5) self-neglect
(6) sexual abuse
(7) other: violation of rights, medical abuse, and abandonment - list the physical changes commonly seen between the ages of 6-12
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- loss of baby teeth
- doubling of weight from age 6-12
- jump in height from 3.5-5 feet
- lateralization of brain, increase in brain size, increase in head circumference, completion of myelination of cortex
- stronger, more coordinated - timing of the growth of primary sex organs
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females breast buds 9-11 years
males larger penis / scrotum 10-12 years - name 5 typical features of white middle class development according to group studies
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(1) most form a "dream" which is an inner sense of how they want their life to work out
(2) a period of exploration and making commitments, which can be changed
(3) most discover a "mentor"
(4) they find a "special person", someone who brings forth affectionate and romantic as well as sexual feelings and also helps them with their dream
(5) there is career consolidation - 5 characteristics of maltreating families
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- very rigid schedules and role demands OR very chaotic and disorganized
- family distrusts outside involvement of neighbors, clergy, social support
- increased child-adult ratio
- abuse or neglect between other family members - 6 characteristics of maltreating parents
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- low self-esteem
- less adaptable
- immaturity
- selfishness
- view the world as hostile and difficult
- substance abuse - consequences of maltreatment
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- underweight (FTT)
- delayed speech skills
- inability to concentrate
- delay in academic progress
- less friendly
- more aggressive
- more isolated; fear of intimacy
- self-destructive or harmful behaviors
- depression, somatization, anxiety, dissociation, psychosis, suicidal ideation
- difficulty controlling emotions
- severity of physical injury does not predict severity of developmental dysfunction - what is the cure rate for depression?
- 85%+ cure rate
- what percentage of medical students have a history of drug dependency?
- 5.2%
- what percentage of medical students participate in excessive drinking?
- 10%
- what percentage of spouses (of medical students) felt counseling would help?
- 38%
- what are some consequences for doctors for sexual misconduct?
- - lose license, litigation, humiliation, lose families
- what are the signs and symptoms of menopause?
- hot flashes, night sweats, aches, weakness, palpitations, weight gain, wrinkling, recent memory loss, depression
- list the 5 stages of dying according to Kubler-Ross
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(1) Denial
(2) Anger
(3) Bargaining
(4) Depression
(5) Acceptance - explain how children cope with death (under 5, middle childhood, adolescents)
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Children under the age of 5 years do not appreciate the finality an irreversibility of death.
By middle childhood there is a realistic view that there is finality, and there is considerable fear.
Adolescents often have the most turbulent process of dying because they cognitively understand the finality and resent and despair that none of their dreams for the future will come true - common reasons for elder abuse
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- dependency of the caregiver on the care-receiver for financial or emotional reasons
- alcoholism
- legal difficulties
- psychiatric disease
- deviant behaviors -
"nature vs. nurture"
- who
- when -
Itard
1800 - developmental milestones
- measure the intactness of a child's abilities, which are derived from the interaction of the biological endowment (nature) and the environment (nurture)
- what are the most commonly used milestone areas?
- motor, personal-social, adaptive, language
- how can developmental milestones be lost?
- ONLY because of certain traumas or disease states
- name the 6 reflexes in order
- moro, rooting, stepping, grasping, crawling, babinski
- moro
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throw arms outward, arch back, then pull arms together
diappears 6-7 months - rooting
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turn head and open mouth
disappears 3-6 months - stepping
- hold kids feet to ground, it "steps", goes away in a couple of months
- grasping
- disappears around 3-4 months
- crawling
- goes away after 3-4 months but returns at 6-7 months
- babinksi
- stoke bottom of foot, toes fan out, disappears b/t 8-12 months
- at what age can most babies purposefully grasp?
- 4-6 months
- at what age can most babies sit up and stay sitting?
- 6 months
- at which age do babies first begin to try crawling?
- 8-9 months
- by what age can a baby reach for, grab, and hold onto a small object?
- 6 months
- by what age do babies develop object permanence?
- by about 8 months
- when does babbling start?
- usually by 6 months
- when does a baby start babbling in the native tongue?
- about 9 months
- when does baby first use spoken words recognizable within the native language?
- 12-13 months
- when does the developmental milestone of the social smile first occur?
- 2-4 months
- when do stranger anxiety and separation anxiety first appear, and when do they persist until?
- appear at 7-9 months, persist until 18 months
- at what age can a child begin to walk unassisted?
- 12 months
- at what point is most of neuronal structure supporting the adult brain present?
- by 24 months
- what specific area of the brain undergoes considerable growth during the preschool years?
- corpus callosum (connector between two hemispheres of brain)
- during which piaget stage do children act egocentric?
- Preoperational
- post-menopausal stage
- vaginal shrinkage and vaginal atrophy which can lead to pain during intercourse and trouble with infections, sagging bladder which often leads to infections of the bladder and stress incontinence
- phases of mourning
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(1) denial and disbelief -- few weeks
(2) after denial --> year, searching for the person, a peculiar sense that the person is still present, somewhere