Core Concepts in Pharmacology Ch 09
Terms
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- attention-deficit disorder (ADD)
- often diagnosed in childhood and characterized by attention, organization, and behavior-control issues, that can extend into adulthood
- attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
- typically diagnosed in childhood and adolescence characterized by hyperactivity as well as attention, organization, and behavior-control issues
- clinical depression
- characterized by depressed mood, lack of energy, abnormal eating patterns, and feelings of despair, guilt, and misery
- major depression
- characterized by at least five symptoms of clinical depression
- mania
- characterized by an expressive, impulsive, excitable, and over-reactive nature
- manic depression
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characterized by extreme and opposite feelings, such euphoria and depression or calmness and rage
AKA bipolar disorder - mood disorders
- disorders involving a change in behavior such as clinical depression, emotional swings or manic-depression
- mood enhancers
- drugs that combat depression by enhancing mood
- mood stabilizers
- drugs that level mood to treat bipolar disorder and mania
- monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO inhibitors)
- drugs inhibiting monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that terminates the actions of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin
- narcolepsy
- charcterized by uncontrolled attacks of sleep
- negative symptoms
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subtract from normal behavior
signs that are used to assist w/diagnosis of schizophrenia - neuroleptic malignant syndrome
-
potentially fatal condition caused by some anti-psychotic medications
symptoms include an extremely high body temperature, drowsiness, changing blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, and muscle rigidity - neuroleptics
- drugs used to treat psychoses
- positive symptoms
-
add on to normal behavior
signs that are used to assist w/diagnosis of schizophrenia - schizoaffective disorder
- symptoms similar to schizophrenia & mood disorders
- schizophrenia
- type of psychosis characterized by abnormal thoughts and thought processes, withdrawal from other people and the outside environment, and apparent preoccupation with one's own mental state
- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
- drugs that selectively inhibit the reuptake of serotonin into nerve terminals
- serotnin syndrome
- set of s/s associated with overmedication with antidepressants
- tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
- drugs with a three-ring chemical structure that inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into nerve terminals
- The most common type of psychosis is _____.
- schizophrenia
- Another name for mood disorders is _____ disorders.
- affective
- The two major types of mood disorders are 1_____ and 2_____ _____.
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1) depression
2) bipolar disorder - The three major classes of antidepressants are 1_____ _____, 2_____, and 3_____.
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1) MAO inhibitors
2) TCA's
3) SSRI's -
Which class of drugs tends to produce severe side effects such as muscle twitching, compulsive motor activity, and a Parkinson-like syndrome?
a. barbiturates
b. phenothiazines
c. benzodiazepines
d. serotonin reuptake inhibitors - b. phenothiazines
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The most common age range for the diagnosis of attention-deficit disorder (ADD) is:
a. 0 to 3 yrs
b. 3 to 7 yrs
c. 10 to 13 yrs
d. 15 to 18 yrs - b. 3 to 7 yrs
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ADD in children is primarily treated with which class of drugs?
a. CNS depressants
b. Tricyclic antidepressants
c. CNS stimulants
d. SSRIs - c. CNS stimulants
-
The most widely prescribed medication for ADD is:
a. methylphenidate (Ritalin)
b. dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine)
c. methamphetamine (Dexoxyn)
d. pemoline (Cylert) - a. methylphenidate (Ritalin)
-
Methylphenidate (Ritalin) produces its effects by activating what portion of the brain?
a. cerebellum
b. hypothalamus
c. pituitary
d. reticular activating system - d. reticular activating system
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Methylphnidate (Ritalin) is closely related to which drug class?
a. amphetamines
b. MAO inhibitors
c. tricyclic antidepressants
d. phenothiazines - a. amphetamines
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Which of the following is not a common symptom of clinical depression?
a. lack of energy
b. sleep disturbances
c. hallucinations
d. feelings of despair or guilt - c. hallucinations
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Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of _____ that may be treated with drug therapy.
a. ADD
b. psychosis
c. bipolar disorder
d. clinical depression - d. clinical depression
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A client with bipolar disorder will exhibit signs of both clinical depression and:
a. psychosis
b. schizophrenia
c. mania
d. ADD - c. mania
-
Rapid shifts in emotions from profound depression to euphoria and hyperactivity are characteristic of:
a. psychosis
b. bipolar disorder
c. schizophrenia
d. ADD - b. bipolar disorder
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Which of the following would least likely be used to treat clinical depression?
a. MAO inhibitors
b. tricyclic antidepressants
c. SSRIs
d. phenothiazines - d. phenothiazines
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Monoamine oxidase is a/an:
a. enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine
b. hormone
c. drug used to treat depression
d. enzyme used to synthesize norepinephrine - a. enzyme that breaks down norephinephrine
-
Eating foods containing tyramine can cause a hypertensive crisis in clients being treated with:
a. MAO inhibitors
b. tricyclic antidepressants
c. SSRIs
d. phenothiazines - a. MAO inhibitors
-
Phenelzine (Nardil) produces its therapeutic effects by:
a. inhibiting the reuptake of norephinephrine into pre-synaptic nerve terminals.
b. irreversibly inhibiting MAO and intensifying the effects of norephinephrine in the synapse
c. sele - b. irreversibly inhibiting MAO and intensifying the effects of norephinephrine in the synapse
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Tricyclic antidepressants produce their therapeutic effects by:
a. inhibiting the reuptake of both serotonin and norephinephrine into pre-synaptic nerve terminals
b. irreversibly inhibiting MAO and intensifying the effects of norephinephrine in - a. inhibiting the reuptake of both serotonin and norephinephrine into pre-synaptic nerve terminals
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Which of the following is not an anticholinergic side effect of therapy with tricyclic anti-depressants?
a. dry mouth
b. orthostatic hypotension
c. fever, shivering, sweating, and muscle spasms
d. heart palpitations and increased hear - c. fever, shivering, sweating, and muscle spasms
-
Fluoxetine (Prozac) produces its therapeutic effects by:
a. inhibiting the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine into pre-synaptic nerve terminals
b. irreversibly inhibiting MAO and intensifying the effects of norepinephrine in the syna - c. selectivly inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin into pre-synaptic nerve terminals
-
The SSRIs are generally preferred over other classes of antidepressants because they:
a. are more efficacious
b. produce fewer sympathomimetic and anticholinergic side effects
c. do not produce sexual dysfunction
d. cause more extrapy - b. produce fewer sympathomimetic and anticholinergic side effects
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When taking fluoxetine, foods high in the amino acid _____ should be avoided since it is a chemical precursor for serotonin synthesis.
a. histidine
b. tyramine
c. lysine
d. tryptophan - d. tryptophan
-
The main drug therapy for the treatment of bipolar disorder is:
a. lithium (Eskalith)
b. chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
c. fluoxetine (Prozac)
d. imipramine (Tofranil) - a. lithium (Eskalith)
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Delusions, hallucinations, disordered communication, and difficulty relating to others are symptoms closely associated with:
a. clinical depression
b. bipolar disorder
c. schizophrenia
d. ADD - c. schizophrenia
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Which of the following is considered a positive symptom of mental disorder?
a. disorganized thought or speech pattern
b. lack of interest in daily activities
c. low motivation to achieve life goals
d. inability to find pleasure in dai - a. disorganized thought or speech pattern
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Neuroleptics are drugs used to treat:
a. clinical depression
b. psychosis
c. bipolar depression
d. ADD - b. psychosis
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Extrapyramidal side effects are best described as:
a. paranoid delusions
b. profound depression
c. seizures
d. distorted body movements and muscle spasms - d. distorted body movements and muscle spasms
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Like many anti-psychotics, chlorpromazine (Thorazine) usually takes ____ before its therapeutic effect is achieved.
a. 2 to 3 days
b. 2 to 3 weeks
c. 7 to 8 weeks
d. more than 6 months - c. 7 to 8 weeks
-
Many of the major effects of chlorpromazine (Thorazine) can be attributed to:
a. inhibiting the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine into pre-synaptic nerve terminals
b. irreversibly inhibiting MAO and intensifying the effects of norep - d. interfering with the binding of dopamine to receptors located throughout the brain
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Atypical anti-psychotics are sometimes preferred over phenothiazines because they:
a. produce no major adverse effects
b. can treat both positive and negative symptoms of psychosis
c. are much more efficacious
d. can improve symptoms - b. can treat both positive and negative symptoms of psychosis