Ancient Civ- The Beginning of Greek Civilization: Minoans through Athenians
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- Greece is collection of what landforms?
- Greece is a collection of lands, islands, and peninsulas.
- In what sea is Greece located?
- It is in the Mediterranean Sea.
- What is Greece's most predominant landform?
- Greece's most predominant landform is mountains.
- What two key things were difficult on land?
- Transportation and communication was difficult on land.
- No Greeks lived far away from what?
- No Greeks lived far away from teh sea.
- Where were the Greek communities?
- The Greek communities were in valleys and along the coast.
- What type of communities were the settlements?
- The settlements were in isolated, independent communities.
- Why was a central government not possible?
- A central government was not possible because of the rough terrain.
- Due to the coast, what were two predominant jobs of the Greeks?
- The Greeks were seafarers and traders.
- Why was agriculture difficult?
- Agrigulture was difficult because they did not have much good land.
- What were the three main crops?
- The three main crops were grains, grapes, and olives.
- What was the diet like?
- The diet was light and simple.
- What was the climate like in the summer?
- The summer climate was hot and dry.
- What was the climate like in the winter?
- The winter climate was mild and wet.
- What kind of activities did the climate permit?
- The climate permitted lots of outside activities.
- What is the agora?
- The agora is the market place.
- Where did the men meet?
- Men met in the agora, the gymnasium, political meetings, religious festivals, and civic duties.
- What did the men meeting contribute to?
- The meetings contributed to democracy.
- Is it true that most people knew each other?
- Yes, most people knew each other.
- Participating in the political life was considered what?
- It was considered an duty and a virtue.
- When was the Minoan civilization?
- The Minoan civilization was between 2000-1400 B.C.
- Where was the Minoan civilization?
- It was on the island of Crete.
- What did the Minoans do?
- They were seafarers and traders.
- What did they think about being attacked?
- Minoans thought their island protected them from attacks.
- How do Minoans show that life was pleasant?
- They show their pleasant life through wall paintings.
- Were women equal?
- Yes, they are shown doing the same things as men.
- Where is their most famous palace?
- Their most famous palace is at Knossos.
- What shows that they were advancing in technology?
- They had plumbing and pipes for water, bathtubs, and flush toilets.
- What natural cause theories are there about the end of the Minoans?
- They think that there could have been a volcano disaster, an earthquake, or tidal waves.
- What other theory is there about the end of Minoans?
- Invaders could also have led to the end of Minoans.
- When was the Mycenaean civilization?
- The Mycenaean civilization was between 2000 and 1200 B.C.
- Where was the Mycenaen civilization?
- The Mycenaean civilization was on mainland of Greece.
- What was the major Mycenaean city?
- The major city was Mycenae.
- Was the city of Mycenae protected?
- Yes, it was a heavily fortified city.
- What was the major occupation of the Mycenaean kings?
- Their major occupation was to wage war on one another.
- What was the Mycenaean civilization made up of?
- It was made up of a bunch of small kingdoms.
- What was the lifestyle of a Mycenaean king and noble?
- Their lifestyle was one of luxuy which included beautiful palaces and gold untensils.
- What was the grand thing in a Mycenaean palace?
- The great thing was a grand hall with a circular hearth.
- What is the grand hall with a circular hearth called?
- Megaron
- What were the nobles buried with?
- Their treasures
- Where did the the king's wealth come from?
- Raids, piracy, and some trade
- What is the most famous war?
- Trojan War
- What is the historical reason for the Trojan War?
- Trade rivalries
- When were Greece's Dark Ages?
- 1200-750 B.C.
- When were the Mycenaeans destroyed?
- 1200 B.C.
- Who do historians think destroyed the Mycenaeans?
- The People of the Sea
- Who moved into Greece after the Micenaeans?
- The Dorians
- What was the Dorians "civilized" life like compared the Mycenaeans?
- The Dorians were less civilized
- Did the Dorians have a form of writing?
- No
- What were story tellers called?
- Bards
- What was the job of the bards?
- To tell long stories
- What were the long stories that the bards told called?
- Epics
- Who is the most famous bard?
- Homer
- We did Homer live?
- Sometime between 900-750 B.C.
- What are his two most famous epics?
- The Iliad and the Odyssey
- What is the Iliad about?
- It is the story of the Trojan War, especially heroic deeds of individuals
- What is the Odyssey about?
- It tells about Odysseus adventures on his trip home from the war
- What do Homer's heroes eximplify?
- Arete
- What is arete?
- Striving for excellence, showing courage, and winning fame and honor
- When were the first Olympics?
- 776 B.C.
- When were the Olympics held?
- Once every four years
- None of what went on during the Olympics?
- Fighting
- What are some examples of games?
- Discus, wrestling, broad jumping, races, chariot races, and boxing
- What was the most respected event?
- The Pentathalon
- What was the prize for winning the pentathalon/Olympics?
- A wreath of olive leaves
- How many major Greek gods were there?
- 12
- Where did the Greek gods live?
- Mount Olympus
- What are the gods' three main characteristics?
- Immortal, powerful, and behaved like humans
- What are myths?
- They are stories told about the gods that helped to explain nature and human passions.
- What was the role like of the priest?
- They were not powerful, it was not a lifelong career, it was just one of the civic duties.
- What is a polis?
- A city-state which includes the city and its surrounding areas
- Greece was not a country, but what?
- A collection of independent states
- What was the largest city-state?
- Sparta
- What were four aspects of polis that were essential to a Greek's life?
- Residence, social life, religious life, and political life
- What was an acropolis?
- An acropolis was a fortified hill with meeting places, government buildings, and temples
- What did you have to be in order to be a citizen?
- A free man
- Who could not be citizens?
- Women, children, slaves, or foreigners
- What was the time period when Mycenaean kings lost their power?
- The Dark Ages
- What kind of rule followed the Mycenaean kings?
- An aristocracy
- What is an aristocracy?
- A rule by small groups of nobles
- What did the nobles do to make them disliked?
- They became selfish, taking land from poor farmers and pushing them into debt and and slavery
- What did the ordinary people feel towards their rulers?
- Dissatisfaction
- What made the common people so dangerous?
- They had iron weapons
- What were hoplites?
- They were soldiers that were supposed to arm themselves and be ready to fight
- What kind of battle formation did the Greeks fight in?
- Phalanx
- Who led ordinary people in their fight against the nobles?
- Tyrants
- After helping the common people overthrow the aristocrats, what did they do?
- They took land away from the nobles and gave it to the poor, and they built harbors and temples
- What happened to the tyrants overtime?
- They became selfish and the Greeks wanted to overthrow them
- What kind of state did Sparta develop?
- An army state
- Where was Sparta?
- On the Peloponnesian Peninsula
- Who did Sparta enslave?
- The native Messonians on the Peninsula
- What did Sparta call their slaves?
- Helots
- What did the Helots do that scared the Spartans?
- They revolted and almost beat the Spartans
- What did Spartans organize their lives around?
- Building a strong army
- What happened to Spartan boys at age seven?
- He would move to the military barracks
- What were the military barracks like?
- Not enough food, thin clothes, hard beds, and many beatings
- What happened at age twenty?
- The could get married, in fact they had to get married
- Why did Spartan men have to get married?
- To produce children for the Spartan army
- Where did the Spartan men live at age twenty?
- Barracks
- What happened at age 30 to the men?
- They could move out of the barracks, and vote, but they were still in the military
- What happened at age 60 to the men?
- They were finally out of the military
- What did girls do in order to have strong babies?
- Strenuous gymnastics
- Did women have many rights in Sparta?
- Although they were not citizens, they had more rights than the women of Athens
- Who ran the household?
- Women
- Were women allowed to be seen in public?
- Yes
- Athens made reforms that led to what?
- Democracy
- Who led the first reform and when did he lead it?
- Solon in 594 B.C.
- What were the three parts of Solon's economic reform?
-
1) Cancelled debts and freed people enslaved for debts
2) Encouraged growing olives and grapes for trade
3) Asked father to teach their sons a trade - What were the two aspects of Solon's political reforms?
-
1) Allowed each student to attend assembly in which all important issues were discussed and voted on
2) Any citizen could charge another with a crime - Who is Athens' second reformer?
- Cleisthenes
- What two changes did he make to Athens?
-
1) Gave assembly more power
2) Created the Council of 500 - What was the Council of 500?
- It proposed laws and advised the assembly
- How were people chosen to be on the Council of 500?
- By lot
- Who conquered the Greek colonies of the coast of Asia Minor?
- The Persians
- What did the angry colonists do?
- They rebelled against the Persians and Athens helped them, the Persians won
- What did Persian King Darius do after the rebellion?
- He swore revenge on the Greeks, especially the Athenians
- When was the First Persian War?
- 490 B.C.
- What did do that started the first Persian War?
- He assembled a big army and marched into Greece
- Where did the Persians first meet the Greeks?
- On a plain called Marathon
- Who won the battle at Marathon?
- The Greeks with superior fighting techniques
- How did the Greeks notify the Athenians of the victory at Marathon?
- They sent a runner that ran all 26 miles to Athens
- When was the second Persian War?
- 480 B.C.
- Who was the king that assembled a huge army and navy a marched into Greece for the second Persian War?
- King Xerxes
- What was the disadvantage of the Greeks in the second Persian War?
- They were outnumbered and divided
- Where did the Persians meet their first resistance?
- Thermopylae
- Who met the Persians at Thermopylae?
- Thousands of Greek soldiers and 300 Spartans
- How did the battle at Thermopylae go?
- The Greeks inflicted terrible losses on the Persians
- What happened to change the battle at Thermopylae?
- A Greek traitor told the Persians about a way around the pass
- When the traitor became known what did the Spartans do?
- The Spartans sent the other Greeks ahead and defended the pass until all Spartans were dead
- What did Spartan heroism do for Athens?
- It encouraged Athenian bravery
- What did the Persians do after they defeated the Spartans at the pass?
- They advanced towards Athens
- Who is Themosticles?
- He was the person that divised the plan to save the Athenians
- What did Themosticles say to do to the city?
- Evacuate the city and leave it to the Persians
- What did Athens do with all able-bodied men?
- They put them on ships to fight at sea
- What was the key difference between Athenian ships and Persian ships?
- Athenian ships were small and mobile, while the Persian ships were big and clumsy
- What did the Athenians do with their ships to the ships of the Persians to win the battle at sea?
- Athenian ships out rowed the Persian ships punching holes them and sinking them
- Where was the battle at sea?
- In the bay of Salamis
- What knowledge also helped the Athenians?
- The knowledge of the seas
- Who won the battle at sea?
- The Greeks
- What did Xerxes do after the loss at sea?
- He fled leaving behind part of his army
- Where did the Spartans later defeat the rest of the Persian army?
- Plataea
- What did the Athenians claim after the war?
- They claimed major credit for defeating the Persians
- What did the Athenians establish after the war?
- The Delian League
- What is the Delian League?
- A league of city-states
- Why was the Delian League created?
- To defend against future Persian attacks
- How did the Athenians get people to join the League?
- They used their navy to force other states to join the League
- What did Athens do with the money they got from the states in the League?
- They used the money to rebuild their city (and fund the navy)
- What did this do about the way other states felt about Athens?
- It made them dislike Athens