Linguistics 100 midterm definitions
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- ablaut
- internal change in process morphology (bleed becomes bled, not bleeded)
- affix, prefix, suffix, infix
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Bound morphemes that change the meaning or syntactic function of the words to which they are attached.
Pre-, -in-, -suf. - agglutinating
- Position of affix in a word is easily distinguished- bound morphemes bound loosely together to determine easily boundaries between morphemes. Contrasts with 'compound'.
- analytic (language)
- Types of languages in which words consist mainly of one morpheme and sentences are composed of sequences of these free morphemes- like Mandarin
- babbling
- A phase in the course of child language acquisition during which time the child produces meaningless sequences of consonants and vowels. 6 months+
- canonical babbling
- The continuous repetition of sequences of vowels and consonants like [mama] by infants
- complementary vs. contrastive distribution
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Complementary sounds never appear in the same environment- allophones of the same phoneme.
Contrastive sounds- exchange of one sound for another in a word changes the words meaning. Allophones of separate phonemes - compounding
- Word formation in which two or more independent words are combined. ie. basketball
- content vs. function morpheme
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Content morphemes- carry a semantic content. Changes part-of-speech.
Function morphemes- provide information about grammatical relationships between words, ie. plural '-s' - endocentric vs. exocentric compounds
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Endocentric- referred to by its "head", ie. wisdom tooth (what kind of tooth), babysit, housekeep. Pluralized using irregular exceptions.
Exocentric- one morph doesn't litterally describe other, ie. BigFoot- (not a type of foot), Sabertooth (not a type of tooth).- Irregular plurals are not carried over. - free vs. bound morphemes
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Free morphemes can stand alone as a word.
Bound morphemes- affixes that never stand alone, always attach to a word. - fusional language
- A type of language in which the relationships between the words in a sentence are indicated by bound morphemes that are difficult to separate from the stem. in fusional languages it is difficult to tell where one morph ends and the next begins. ie. Spanish "cant" (sing), past "canto".
- harmony
- Long distance assimilation between sounds.
- inflectional vs. derivational affixes
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inflectional- productive, never changes part of speech, required by syntactic content. father/fathers
derivational- change meaning of words, may change part of speech- father/fatherhood - morphological alteration
- A diachronic change that results in the creation of an alternative pronunciation for a given morpheme.