Introduction to Psychology 2

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Every event has a cause. Striving for immediate causes rather than searching for final causes.: Determinism
Behavior is due to a person's decision not external determinants.: Free Will
Relationship between mind and body.: Mind-Body (Mind-Brain)
Mind is seperate from brain. Mind Controls the brain and body.: Dualism
Conscious experience is inseperable from the physical brain.: Monism
Determines roles of heredity and environment in expression of particular behaviors.: Nature-Nurture
1st Psych lab in Germany in 1879. Experiments have 2 elements (Feeling,Sensations).: William Wundt
Cornell University in 1892. Nature of mental experiences.: Edward Titchener
Present stimuli and subjects describe features.: Structuralism
Founder of american psychology. Harvard University. Concerned with actions the mind performs.: William James
How the mind produces various behaviors.: Functionalism
Genetic factors (Drugs,Genetics): Biological
Result of past actions, not what they think.: Behavioral
Behavior can be understood with scientific methods.: Determinist
Simple responses to simple stimuli. Tested this in animals.: Jacques Loeb
Behavior is how a stimulus triggers a response.: Stimulus Response Psychology
Describing what someone did, not guessing what he was trying to do.: B.F. Skinner
Founder of Behaviorism. Environment molds behavior.: John Watson
Thinking processes and aquiring knowledge.: Cognitive
Consciousness, values and beliefs.: Humanistic
Person feels fulfilled and content.: Peak Experiences
Viewed humans as basically good.: Carl Rogers
Striving for ones full potential.: Self-Actualization
Accepting someone as they are.: Unconditional Positive Regard
Basic needs, safety, psychological needs, then self-actualization.: Hierarchy of Needs/
Abraham Maslow
Uncovering underlying drives and motivations.: Psychodynamic
Sexual motivation to explain behavior.: Sigmund Freud
Guided by individuals ancestors. Saw humans as basically good.: Carl Jung
Guided by ambitions.: Alfred Adler
1.)Develop Hypothesis 2.)Test Hypothesis 3.)Measure Results 4.)Develop Conclusions: Research Methods
Entire group being tested.: Population
Closely resembles the population.: Representative Sample
Everyone has equal chance of being selected.: Random Sample
Experimenter unintentionally distorts procedures or expected outcome.: Experimenter Bias
Observer records data without knowing predictions.: Blind Observer
Pill with no known pharmacological effects.: Placebo
Either observer or participants are unaware who received which treatment.: Single-Blind Study
Both observers and participants are unaware of who received treatments.: Double-Blind Study
Study subjects in natural conditions.: Naturalistic Observation
In depth description of individual.: Case History
Attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through responses to questions.: Surveys
Measure relationship between 2 variables.: Correlation
Measure 2 variables without controlling either.: Correlation Study
Mathematical relationship between 2 variables.+1 to -1.: Correlation Coefficient
Investigator manipulates at least 1 variable. Can prove cause and effect.: Experiment
Experimenter changes or controls.: Independent Variable
Item measured to see how it is affected.: Dependent Variable
Told what is expected and agree to continue with study.: Informed Consent
Must be ensured among participants.: Confidentiality
Contains a Cell body, Dendrites, and an Axon.: Neuron
Insulator that aids in the transmission of impulses along an axon.: Myelin
Axons send information with electrical and chemical processes called? An on off switch: Action Potential
Area between 2 neurons where one either excites or inhibits the next.: Synapse
Chemicals stored in the neuron and activate receptors of other neurons.: Neurotransmitters
Brain and spinal cord that communicates with the body.: Central Nervous System
Bundles of axons between spinal cord and the body.: Peripheral Nervous System
Peripheral nerves that communicate with the skin and muscles.: Somatic Nervous System
Controls internal organs and is involuntary.: Autonomic Nervous System
2chanins of neurons to the left and right side of the spinal cord. Fight or Flight.: Sympathetic Nervous System
Axons extending from medulla and spinal cord to neurons near the internal organs. Non-Emergency functions.: Parasympathetic Nervous System
Set of glands producing hormones and releasing them into the blood.: Endocrine System
Chemicals released by glands, and travel in the blood to other body parts.: Hormones
Where are the Medulla and Pons located?: Midbrain
What regulates overall arousal of the brain?: Reticular Formation
Controls rapid actions such as dribbling a basketball. Located in the hindbrain.: Cerebellum
Outer surface of the forebrain. 2 Hemispheres. Sensation and motor control. Gray Matter.: Cerebral Cortex
Specializes in vision.: Occipital Lobe
Specializes in touch, pain, temp. and awareness of body parts.: Parietal Lobe
Processing area for hearing and complex vision.: Temporal Lobe
Controls fine movements.: Frontal Lobe
Set of axons connecting the two hemispheres of the brain.: Corpus Callosum
Condition where neurons in the brain emit abnormal spontaneous impulses.: Epilepsy
A scan where x-rays pass through the head and dyes increase contrast between fluids and brain cells.: CT (Computerized Axial Tomography)
A high resolution image of the brain recording radioactivity of injected chemicals.: PET Scan (Positron-Emmision Tomography)
Uses magnetic detectors to record scans of the brain. Active area of brain has less oxygen recorded.: MRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
What occurs to someone who damages the entire primary cortex?: Completely Blind
Damage to the inferior temporal cortex would cause?: Faceblindness
Damage to part of the color pathway causes? Definition: Recognizing colors after light changes.: Color Constancy
Causes neglect of the opposite side of the body.: Unilateral Neglect
Located in the nucleus. Chemical basis for heredity. 23 individual or 23 paired.: Chromosomes
A fertilized egg.: Zygote
Sections along a chromosome. Direct someones development.: Genes
A chemical that controls the production of RNA.: DNA
A chemical that controls the production of protein.: RNA
Two genes of a pair that are the same.: Homozygous
Two genes of a pair that are different.: Heterozygous
Chromosomes that determine the sex. XX=female XY=male: Sex Chromosomes
A disease resulting in progressive memory loss.: Alzheimer's Disease
Disease resulting in loss of muscle control.: Huntington's Disease
An estimation of the variation of a population due to heredity. From 0=not due to heredity or 1=due to heredity.: Hereditability
Identical heredity.: Monozygotic Twins
Similar genetic makeup.: Dizygotic Twins
Changes in gene frequencies of a species.: Evolution
When individuals with certain characteristics reproduce more successfully, then future generations resemble those.: Natural Selection
Cells that convert energies into signals from the nervous system.: Receptors
Visual receptors covering the back of the eyeball.: Retina
A rigid, transparent structure on the outer surface of the eyeball.: Cornea
Decreased flexibility in the lens resulting in difficulty focusing close up.: Presbyopia
Elongation of the eyeballs resulting in nearsightedness.: Myopia
Flattened eyeballs resulting in farsightedness.: Hyperopia
An increase in pressure in the eyeball.: Glaucoma
When the lens in the eye becomes cloudy.: Cataract
Central area of the retina. For highly detailed vision.: Fovea
Gradual improvement in the ability to see in dim light.: Dark Adaptation
Cells that make contact with other neurons. Vision: Bipolar Cells
Recieve input from bipolar cells.: Ganglion Cells
Ganglion cell axons join to form?: Optic Nerve
Theory that receptor respond to 3 colors. Blue, Red, and Green.: Trichromatic Theory or Young-Helmholtz Theory
Vision is paired opposites. red-green, yellow-blue, white-black.: Opponent Process Theory
Seeing one color after removing the other color.: Negative (Color) Afterimages
Perceiving a color in the cerebral cortex camparison of retinal patterns.: Retinex Theory
Cannot tell one color from another.: Color Blindness
Vibrations of air or other medium.: Sound waves
The frequency of a sound.: Hertz
Perception of sound.: Pitch
The amplitude of sound waves.: Loudness
Snail shaped organ with fluid filled canals and contain receptors for hearing.: Cochlea
Structure within the Cochlea that contains hair cells.: Basilar Membrane
Failure of the bones in the ear that cannot transmit sound to the Cochlea.: Conduction Deafness
Damage to the Cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve.: Nerve Deafness
Basiliar membrane produces movement at the same frequency of the sound.: Frequency Principle
Structure in the inner ear. Balance and posture.: Vestibular Sense
Feeling of warmth, skin pressure, cold, pain, etc.: Cutaneous Senses
Refers to the body-sensory system.: Somatosensory System
A neurotransmitter that inhibits release of substance P and decreases pain.: Endorphins
Sense of smell.: Olfaction
Sense of position of the head and limbs in relation to the trunk.: Kinesthesis
Receptors for orientation and movement that are located in fluid filled sacs and contain hair cells.: Vestibular Sacs
When hair cells are bent by body tilt a neual impulse is?: Transduction
Intensity someone can detect a stimulus 50% of the time.: Sensory Threshold
The time of maximum dark adaptation.: Absolute Threshold
Stimuli that can affect behavior even when we do not consciously perceive message.: Subliminal Perception
Tendency to perceive and object even when what strikes the retina changes.: Visual Constancy
Two kinds of Visual Constancy.: Shape and Size Constancy
An object incorrectly perceived to be moving against a stationary background.: Induced Movement
Illusion of movement by a rapid succession of stationary images.: Stroboscopic Movement
Perception of distance.: Depth Perception
Movement of both eyes.: Binocular Cues
Perceive depth and distance with one eye.: Monocular
Determines the development of monocular depth perception.: Visual Cliff
The misrepresentation of a visual stimulus.: Optical Illusions
A rhythm of activity and inactivity.: Circadian Rhythms
When you travel and your internal clock is out of sync.: Jet Lag
Sleep that enables the body to recover from the exertions of the day.: Repair and Restoration Theory
Sleeping and walking in order to conserve fuel and protect us from danger.: Energy-Conservation Theory
Eyes move rapidly, and this sleep is light and heavy sleep.: REM Sleep
A theorist that believes dreams reveal unconscious thoughts and motivations.: Sigmund Freud
Dreams are accidental by-products of arousal during REM sleep.: Activation-Synthesis Theory
Believes dreams are a form of thinking and not overridden by sensory control.: Neurocognitive Theory
Lack of sleep.: Insomnia
Irregular or no breathing during sleep.: Sleep Apnea
Abnormal sleep pattern with extreme sleepiness during the day.: Narcolepsy
Unsettling experiences while sleeping resulting in talking.: Sleep Talking
Occurs in stage 4 sleep and lasts for less than 15 minutes.: Sleep Walking
An unpleasant dream.: Nightmare
State of extreme panic during sleep.: Night Terrors
Excessive unrefreshing sleep.: Hypersomnia
Condition of increased suggestibility: Hypnosis
A suggestion an individual performs after coming out of hypnosis.: Posthypnotic Suggestion
Induced relaxation with special techniques.: Meditation
A class of molecules including methanol, ethanol,and propylalcohol.: Alcohol
A medication that helps people calm down and relax.: Tranquilizers
A medication that causes individuals to feel happy, warm, and content without anxiety and pain.: Opiates
A medication resulting in intesification of sensory experiences, drowsiness, and time passing slow. THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol): Marijuana
A medication that increases energy, alertness and results in pleasant feelings.: Stimulants
Drugs responsible for inducing sensory distortions. LSD, PCP.: Hallucinogens
Psychologists that believe you should only study observable, measureable behaviors. Not mental processes.: Behaviorists
Russian Scientist. Experimented with dogs to prove conditioning.: Ivan Pavlov
Learning a new response by pairing 2 stimuli. A neutral stimulus and 1 that already evoked a response.: Classical Conditioning
Something that automatically elicits an unconditioned response.: Unconditioned Stimulus
The action that the unconditioned stimulus elicits.: Unconditioned Response
A stimulus in which can be controlled such as a buzzer.: Conditioned Stimulus
The response the conditioned stimulus elicits as a result of training.: Conditioned Response
A process that strengthens a conditioned response.: Acquisition
Repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. When responses stop producing reinforcements.: Extinction
Temporary return of an extinguished response after a delay.: Spontaneous Recovery
Responding differently to the 2 stimuli based on the result that follow from each.: Discrimination
The extension of a conditioned response from the training stimulus to a similar stimulus.: Stimulus Generalization
What is the term for the definition nearness in time?: Temporal Contiguity
Predictability that the unconditioned stimulus is more likely to occur after the conditioned stimulus than otherwise.: Contingency
The psychologist that studied cats that were placed in a box and had to escape.: Edward L. Thorndike
An event that increases the future probability of the most recent response.: Reinforcement
Responses that closely follow reinforcement will be connected with the situation.: Law of Effect
The changing of a behavior by providing reinforcement after a response.: Operant Conditioning
Responses that include salivation, digestion and affect internal organs. (Classical Conditioning): Visceral Responses
Responses that include muscles of the body. (Operant Conditioning): Skeletal Responses
More similar a stimulus is to the original stimulus the more strongly the subjest is to respond.: Stimulus Generalization
A stimulus designating which response is appropriate or not.: Discriminative Stimulus
A change in electrical activity of the skin when under stess.: Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)
Used rats to prove operant conditioning in a Box.: B.F. Skinner
Using successive approximations to change behavior.: Shaping
Reinforcing each behavior with the opportunity to engage in the next behavior.: Chaining
When an event presented strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior.: Positive Reinforcement
A response followed by a negative reinforcement.: Punishment
The lack of response leads to reinforcement.: Omission Training
The avoidance of a painful circumstance.: Escape Learning
Reinforcement of the response by absence of pain.: Negative Reinforcement
Exhibit frequent behavior serves as a reinforcer for any less frequent behavior. David Premack.: Premack Principle
A reinforcer that is reinforcing because of their own properties.: Unconditioned Reinforcers
A reinforcer that reinforces because of their prior connection with an unconditioned reinforcer.: Condtioned Reinforcers
What provides evidence that operant conditioning does more than increase behavioral frequencies?: Latent Learning
Reinforcement occurs for every accurate response exhibited.: Continuous Reinforcement
Reinforcement for some responses but not for others.: Intermittent Reinforcement
Reinforcement only after a predetermined number of correct responses.: Fixed-Ratio Schedule
Reinforcement after a variable number of correct responses.: Variable-Ratio Schedule
Reinforcement for the first response after a specified time interval.: Fixed-Interval Schedule
Reinforcement after a variable amount of time has lapsed.: Variable-Interval Schedule
Attempting to change a subjects behavior through reinforcement techniques.: Applied Behavior Analysis or Behavior Modification
Learning about behaviors even before trying them for the first time. Albert Bandura: Social-Learning Approach
The perception that you can successfully perform a task.: Self-Efficacy
Very brief storage of sensory information.: Sensory Store
Temporary storage of information someone has just experienced.: Short-Term Memory
More permanent storage of meaningful information and may last a lifetime.: Long-Term Memory
To produe it?: Recall
An individual receives hints about material to help recall it.: Cued Recall
An association that elicits the memory.: Retrieval Cue
Organizing information into familiar or meaningful units.: Chunking
The ability to state a fact.: Declarative Memory
A memory of a skill.: Procedural Memory
The ease to retrieve a memory depends on the number and type of associations formed.: Levels-of-Processing Principle
Skimming something is harder for you to remember.: Shallow Processing
Reading something then thinking about it in different ways.: Deeper Level of Processing
Survey Process Meaningfully Ask Questions Review: SPAR Method
Remembering a few words from a list usually the first and the last few.: Serial-Order Effect
Tendency to remember the first few items on the list.: Primary Effect
Remembering the last items on a list.: Recency Effect
Information that may help regain memory at a later time.: Retrieval Cues
An association formed at time of learning to help retrieve it later.: Encoding Specificity Principle
Being in the same condition when original learning took place.: State Dependent Memory
A memory aid bases on encoding each item in a special way.: Mnemonic Device
Severe loss or deterioration of memory.: Amnesia
Damage to the hippocampus causes difficulty storing long term memories known as?: Anterograde Amnesia
Loss of memory surrounding events just before brain damage.: Retrograde Amnesia
Prolonged vitamin D deficiency due to alcoholism causes what?: Korsakoff's Syndrome
Recognition that someone is using their own memory.: Explicit Memory
Does not require any recognition that someone is using their own memory.: Implicit or Indirect Memory
A degenerative condition that destroys brain cells and impair memory.: Alzheimer's Disease
Use this to fill in the blanks of a forgotten memory.: Reconstruction
Used to mold the recollection of an event to fit how the event actually turned out.: Hindsight Bias
Moving a memory from the conscious mind to the unconscious mind.: Repression
Thinking or gaining knowledge.: Cognition
Using categories to define objects.: Categorization
Mental images that resemble vision.: Cognitive Maps
A serial process. You must attend to one part after another in series.: Attention
The difficulty in naming a color when it is written in a different color.: Stroop Effect
Understanding the problem Generating a hypothesis Test the hypothesis Cheking the results: Problem Solving
The ability to express a variety of ideas.: Productivity
A system involving converting a deep structure into a surface structure. Not memorzing sentences but using rules to make your own.: Transformational Grammer
Broca's Area and Wernicke's Area.: Areas of the brain important for language.
Inarticulate speech and trouble using and understanding grammer.: Broca's Aphasia

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