US History Spring Final
Terms
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- Company/Troop
- 150-160 troops or 3-4 platoons
- Korean War
- conflict over future of the Korean peninsula, fought between 1950-1953 and ending in a stalemate
- napalm
- jellylike chemical substance that splattered and burned uncontrollably
- fragmentation bombs
- bombs that threw thick metal castings in all directions when exploded
- Brigade/Regiment
- 3,000 troops or 2-4 battalions
- Agent Orange
- chemical herbicide used to kill leaves and thick undergrowth to expose Viet Cong hiding places
- Ho Chi Minh Trail
- supply route that passed through Laos and Cambodia
- Richard M. Nixon
- 37th U.S. President 1969-1974
- Marshall Plan
- program of American economic assistance to Western Europe
- pacification
- programs to destroy enemy influence in villages and gain support for government of South Vietnam
- AAA
- antiaircraft artillery
- Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. April 3, 1968, "I've Been to the Mountaintop" speech
- "Men, for years now, have been talking about war and peace. But now, no longer can they just talk about it. It is no longer a choice between violence and nonviolence in this world; it's nonviolence or nonexistence. That is where we are today."
- Richard Nixon's Acceptance of the Republican Party Nomination for President, August 8th, 1968
- "My fellow Americans...we make history tonight not for ourselves but for the ages. The choice we make in 1968 will deternine not only the future of America but the future of peace and freedom in the world for the last third of te 20th century, and the question that we answer tonight: can America meet this great challenge?"
- Agent Orange
- a chemical used to deny jungle cover to the enemy
- Gulf of Tonkin Resolutioin
- gave the President expanded powers to conduct the war in Vietnam
- 26th amendment
- allowed individuals 18 years and older to vote
- War Powers Act in 1973
- placed limits on the President's war making powers
- deferment
- official postponement of the call to serve
- VC
- Vietcong
- SAM
- surface-to-air missile
- Platoon
- 40 troops or 3-4 squads
- de jure segregation
- racial separation created by law
- McCarran-Walter Act
- law that reaffirmed the quota system that had been established for each country in 1924
- Lyndon B. Johnson
- 36th U.S. President 1963-1969
- Huey
- nickname for UH-1 series of helicopters
- Middle America
- mainstream Americans
- Ngo Dinh Diem
- president of anti-Communist South Vietnam
- military-industrial complex
- developed links to the corporate and scientific communities, employing 3.5 million Americans by 1960
- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 1957
- was started by Martin Luther King Jr. and advocated the practice of nonviolent protest
- interracial
- both African Americans and whites are involved
- SEAL team
- elite Navy SEa, Air, and Land team
- House Un-American Activities Committee
- established in 1938 to investigate disloyalty in the US
- punji trap
- a camouflaged pit filled with razor-sharp stakes that were sometimes poisoned
- African American Migration
- many African Americans migrated to large northern cities after the Civil War
- Vietnamization
- removing American forces and replacing them with South Vietnamese soldiers
- Orval Faubus
- governor of Arkansas in 1957
- Ho Chi Minh Trail
- network of roads and pathways through the jungles and mountains of Laos and Cambodia
- Cold War
- competition that developed between the US and Soviet Union for power and influence in the world
- Douglas McArthur
- lead the United Nation forces in Korea
- Robert Moses
- one of SNCC's most influential leaders
- Robert F. Kennedy - April 4, 1968 after the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
- "What we need in the United States is not division; what we need in the United States is not hatred; what we need in the United States is not violence and lawlessness, but it is love and wisdom, and compassion toward one another, and a feeling of justice toward those who still suffer within our country, whether they be white or whether they be black."
- Dwight D. Eisenhower
- 34th U.S. President 1953-1961
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- 1949 alliance of nations that agreed to band together in the event of war and to support and protect each nation involved
- Dwight D. Eisenhower
- US President 1953-1961
- filibuster
- tactic which senators prevent a vote on a bill by taking the floor and refusing to stop talking
- MiG
- Soviet aircraft
- arms race
- struggle to gain weapons superiority
- My Lai
- location of the killing of over 400 Vietnamese civilians by American soldiers
- DMZ
- demilitarized zone
- Robert Kennedy
- US Attorney General
- 38th parallel
- latitudinal line that divided North and South Korea at approximatly the midpoint of the peninsula
- ARVN
- Army of the Republic of South Vietnam
- NVA
- official PAVN; People's Army of Vietnam
- Geneva Accords
- called for elections to be held in 1956 to unify Vietnam
- saturation bombing
- dropping thousands of tons of explosives over large areas
- National Urban League 1911
- helped African Americans moving out of the South find homes and jobs and ensured that they received fair treatment at work
- land mine
- explosive device planted in the ground
- POWs
- prisoners of war
- sortie
- a single aircraft flying a single mission
- Freedom Rides
- designed to test whether southern states would obey Supreme Court rulings for African American rights
- Harry S. Truman
- 33rd US President 1945-1951
- Squad
- 5-10 troops
- March on Washington 1963
- 200,000 came to Washington D.C. to call for "jobs and freedom"
- black power
- a call to African Americans to unite, to recognize thier heritage, build a sense of community, define own goals, etc
- Battalion/Squadron
- 600-1,000 troops or 3-5 companies
- McCarthyism
- McCarthy's anti-communist smear tactics
- President Lyndon Johnson, March 31, 1968, announcing that he would not seek re-election
- "Yet, I believe that we must always be mindful of this one thing, whatever the trials and the tests ahead. The ultimate strength of our country and our cause will lie not in powerful weapons or infinite resources or boundless wealth, but will lie in the unity of our people."
- Robert McNamara
- Kennedy's Secretary of Defense
- Division
- 12,000-18,000 troops or 3 brigades
- satellite nations
- countries subject to Soviet domination
- ICBMs
- intercontinental ballistic missile
- conscientious objectors
- opposed fighting in the war on moral or religious grounds
- nonviolent protest
- a peaceful way of protesting against restrictive racial policies
- Franklin D. Roosevelt
- 32nd US President 1931-1945
- NAACP (1909)
- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
- 24th amendment
- eliminated the poll tax as a voting requirement
- hawks
- those who supported the war
- Joseph Stalin
- eader of the Soviet Unition from 1924-1953
- LZ
- landing zone
- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Commitee (SNCC) 1960
- student led organization which sought immediate change in the civil right movement
- Vietminh
- the League for the Independence of Vietnam
- Nation of Islam
- preached black separation and self-help
- blacklist
- list that circulated among employers, beginning in 1947, containing the names of persons who should not be hired
- Lee Harvey Oswald
- suspected of killing John F Kennedy
- cloture
- a 3/5 vote to limit debate and call for a vote in Congress
- Rosa Parks
- refused to give up her seat on a bus and was arrested in 1955
- RPG
- rocket-propelled grenade
- Ethel and Julius Rosenburg
- first US citizens to be executed for espionage
- Gerald Ford
- 38th U.S. President 1974-1977
- Martin Luther King Jr
- became the spokesperson for the Montgomery bus boycott
- de facto segregation
- separation caused by social conditions such as poverty
- U-2 incident
- 1960 incident in which the Soviet military used a guided missle to shoot down an American U-2 spy plane over Soviet territory
- Vietminh
- coalition founded by Ho Chi Minh
- Montgomery bus boycott
- plan for African Americans to refuse to use the bus system until companies agreed to change segregation policies
- Plessy v. Ferguson 1896
- ruled that separate but equal facilities are constitutional
- brinkmanship
- 1956 term used by secretary of state John Dulles to describe a policy of risking war in order to protect nation interest
- James Earl Ray
- convicted of killing Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968 and sentenced to 99 years in jail
- Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 1942
- organization that was dedicated to bringing about change through peaceful confrontation
- Viet Cong
- Communist guerrillas in South Vietnam
- KIA
- killed in action
- Hollywood Ten
- group of people in the film industry who were jailed for refusing to answer congressional questions reguarding communist influence in Hollywood
- containment
- American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world
- domino theory
- fear that if one Southeast Asian nation fell to Communism the others would also fall
- Berlin airlift
- moving supplies into West Berlin by American and British planes during a Soviet blockade in 1948-1949
- Mao Zedong
- Leader of Communists who took over China in 1949
- Boynton v. Virginia 1960
- ruled that bus station waiting rooms and restaurants could not be segregated
- sit-in
- staying seated at a segregated public place when refused service
- Sputnik
- first artificial satellite to orbit earth, launched by the Soviets in 1957
- John F Kennedy
- US President 1960-1963
- Winston Churchill
- leader of Great Britian before and during WWII
- Tet Offensive
- surprise attacks on major cities and towns and American military bases throughout South Vietnam by the Viet Cong
- Thurgood Marshall
- first African American Supreme Court Justice
- iron curtain
- describes the division between Communist and non-Communist life
- POW
- prisoner of war
- Ho Chi Minh
- president of new Communist North Vietnam
- Sirhan Sirhan
- assassinated Robert Kennedy in 1968
- Malcolm X
- leading minister of the Nation of Islam until 1964, then he organized the Muslim Mosque, Inc; he fought for black nationalism
- black nationalism
- a belief in the separate identity and racial unity of the African American community
- deterrence
- the policy of making the military power of the US and its allies so strong that no enemy would attack for fear of retaliation
- John F. Kennedy
- 35th U.S. President 1961-1963
- doves
- those who opposed the war
- Voting Rights Act of 1965
- eliminated literacy test as a voting requirement
- collective security
- the principle of mutual military assistance among nations
- GVN
- Government of South Vietnam
- medevac
- medical evacuation of wounded or ill by helicopter or airplane
- SAR
- search and rescue
- Civil Rights Act of 1964
- outlawed discrimination in employment on the basis of race, sex, or religion
- Warsaw Pact
- military alliance between the Soviet Union and the nations of Eastern Europe formed in 1955
- MIA
- missing in action
- Brown v. Board of Education Topeka 1954
- ruled separate but equal facilties were unconstitutional
- integration
- the bringing together of different races
- Jackie Robinson
- first African American to play in Major League Baseball
- Jiang Jieshi
- Leader of Nationalists
- Truman Doctrine
- speech that called the US to take leadership in the world, and declared that the US would support nations threatened by communism
- Joseph R. McCarthy
- led a crusade to investigate officials he claimed were Communists