Exercise Science
Terms
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- Periosteum
- the outer connective tissue that covers the bone, periosteum fibres and those of ligaments and tendons unite to connect bone to bone or bone to muscle
- Flexion
- decreasing the angle between 2 bones, occurs on the sagittal plane
- Humerus
- upper arm bone
- Calcaneous
- heelbone
- Cervical vertebrae
- in neck, C1 - C7
- Inversion
- medial border of foot raised, sole of foot is turned inwards
- Sinus ex. cranial sinus
- cavity within a bone
- Saddle joint
- movement in 2 planes: frontal and sagittal, only one in body ex. thumb... carpo-metacarpal articulation
- Thoracic vertebrae
- mid-back, T1 - T12
- Pivot joint
- movement in only transverse plane, one bone fits into the grove or the hole of another bone ex. C1 - Atlas and C2 - Axis (atlantoaxial joint), radio-ulnar joint
- Tuberosity ex. deltoid tuberosity
- large "line bump" on a bone for connective tissue attachment
- Fossa ex. glenoid fossa (scapula)
- simple depression or hollowing in or on a bone
- Anatomy
- study of the parts of the body
- Inferior
- towards the bottom of the body
- Fibula
- lateral lower leg bone
- Suture line
- where 2 bones meet and fuse together ex. sagittal suture (skull)
- Ellipsoid (biaxial) joint
- movement in 2 planes: frontal and sagittal ex. wrist joint... distal radius and proximal row of carpals (circumduction happens at the wrist joint)
- Superior
- towards the top of the body
- Protection, framework, muscles attach, stores essential nutrients, blood cell formation, removes heavy metals and toxins from bloodstream, levers (muscles pull for mvt.)
- Roles of the Skeleton
- Eversion
- lateral border of foot is raised, sole of foot turned laterally
- Gliding joint
- movement in 2 planes: frontal and sagittal, 2 bones moving over one another (less movement than in ellipsoid) ex. vertebrae, carpals, tarsals
- Pronation
- medial rotation of the forearm and palm, backward from anatomical position
- Radio-ulnar joint
- pivot, the proximal end pull radius over ulna
- Clavicle
- collar bone
- Crest ex. iliac crest (hands-on-hips)
- prominent ridge on a bone for connective tissue attachment
- Sesamoid bones
- bones embedded within tendons that move over a bony surface ex. hyoid, patella
- Phalanges
- toes
- Temporal bone
- lower sides of head
- Meatus ex. auditory meatus (ear)
- tube-like passageway within a bone
- Joint
- any point where 2 bones meet
- Ossification
- compact bone begins as cartilage, bone-forming cells (osteoblasts) release a gelatin-like substance (osteoid) which collects minerals (calium, phosphorus), causing the cartilage to harden into bone; cancellous bone starts as a membrane into which ostoid is released
- Ankle joint
- =talus, fibula, tibia, a hinge
- Extension
- increasing the angle between 2 bones, occurs on the sagittal plane
- Abduction
- movement of a body part away from the midline of the body, occurs on the frontal plane
- Sacrum
- back between hips
- Carpals
- wrist bones
- Radius
- lateral lower arm bone
- Maxilla
- upper jaw
- Patella
- knee cap
- Scapula
- shoulder blade
- Short bones
- chunks of bone with no marrow cavity, allow for ROM (Range Of Motion), elasticity and shock absorption ex. carpals and tarsals
- Ilium
- hip bone
- Manubrium
- superior portion of breastbone
- Parietal bone
- upper sides of head
- Transverse plane
- divides the body into superior and inferior halves (examples of activities: batting in baseball, jumps in figure skating)
- Physiology
- study of how the body works
- Frontal bone
- forehead
- Plantar flexion
- increase the angle of joint between anterior ankle and tibia
- Xiphoid process
- bottom of breastbone
- Articulating cartilage
- smooth covering located at both ends of long bones, allows smooth movement (articulation) within joints while protecting the ends of bones
- Epiphyseal lines
- they occur once linear growth has ceased (~16 for girls and ~18 for guys) and epiphyseal plates have fused or come together
- Compact bone
- the thick, dense, outer part of the bone that resists bending and is responsible for the bone's structural integrity, (carpals are made entirely of compact bone)
- Synovial (freely movable) joint
- has a joint capsule with synovial fluid, ligaments surround the joint, 6 types: gliding, ellipsoid, ball socket, hinge, saddle, and pivot
- Cortex
- the exterior layer of bone, it is dense, smooth and of varying thickness depending on the type of bone
- Irregular bones
- no marrow cavity, protect and absorb shock ex. vertebrae and facial
- Lateral
- away from the midline
- Wrist joint
- ellipsoid, it can flex, extend, adduct and abduct = the distal radius and the proximal carpal row
- Flat bones
- no marrow cavity, protective covering, facilitate attachment of muscles to bone ex. rib, clavicle, sternum, cranium
- Medial
- towards the midline
- Dorsiflexion
- decrease angle of joint between anterior ankle and tibia
- External rotation
- anterior part of a limb moves away from the midline, lateral
- Metatarsals
- foot bones
- Proximal
- closer to the point of attachment of the limb to the body
- Epicondyle ex. medial epicondyle of femur
- smaller bump above a condyle for connective tissue attachment (won't contact another bone)
- Foramen ex. foramen magnum (base of skull)
- larger hole within a bone
- Tibia
- medial lower leg bone
- Elevation
- raising a body part to a superior position
- Condyle ex. medial condyle of femur
- large protrusion at the end of a bone, this will contact another bone
- Tendon
- connective tissue that joins the muscle belly to the bone (perioteum), is white, elastic, made of collagen and can be repaired
- Epiphyseal plates
- growth plates that are found between diaphysis and epiphysis
- Tarsals
- ankle bones ex. talus
- Occipital bone
- admits the spinal cord
- Plane
- relate to positions in space and are at right angles to one another
- Cartilage
- padding between bones, absorbs shock
- Bone remodelling
- Phase 1: removal of old bone, bone-resorbing cells called osteoclasts remove old bone by releasing acids and enzymes; Phase 2: building new bone, the osteoblasts deposit ostoid in place of old bone, thus allowing new bone formation
- Medullary cavity
- found inside the shaft of the bone and is filled with red ( RBC formation) and yellow (fat cell storage) bone marrow
- Metacarpals
- hand bones
- Symphysis pubis
- where the 2 pubic bones meet
- Ligament
- connective tissue that joins bone to bone, does not repair itself and is not as elastic
- Mandible
- lower jaw
- Trochanter ex. greater trochanter of femur (lateral top end)
- large bump on a bone for connective tissue attachment
- Adduction
- movement of a body part towards the midline, occurs on the frontal plane
- Axis
- describes the direction of movement of joints, always 90 degrees to the plane; there are 3: horizontal, antero-posterior, longitudinal or polar
- Hyoid
- U-shaped, is attached to throat, tongue and larynx muscles
- Retraction
- moving in a posterior direction
- Long bones
- have a tubular shell with a cavity for bone marrow, act as levers for mvt. ex. humerus, femur, tibia, ulna, radius, metacarpals, fibula
- Diaphysis
- the middle and the thickest part of the bone, is the main ossification centre
- Ribs
- 7 true + 3 false + 2 floating = 12 ribs total
- Depression
- pull body part down to an inferior position
- Phalanges
- fingers
- Appendicular skeleton
- includes limbs, scapula, clavicle and pelvis, and plays a key role in allowing the body to move around, 64 upper extremity + 62 lower extremity = 126 bones total
- Head ex. head of femur
- round bump seperated from the rest of the bone by a neck
- Distal
- further away from the point of attachment of the limb to the body
- Fissure ex. orbital fissure (eyes)
- slit between 2 bones through which nerve/blood vessels pass
- Frontal plane
- divides the body into anterior and posterior halves (examples of activities: cartwheel, side-shuffle)
- Supination
- lateral (external) rotation of forearm and palm, anatomical position
- Lumbar vertebrae
- lower back, L1 - L5
- Femur
- upper leg bone
- Cartilaginous (slightly movable) joint
- held together by strong ligaments or cartilage ex. distal end of tibia and fibula, symphysis pubis, ribs to sternum (costal cartilage), coracoid clavicular joint (coracoid process of scapula and clavicle), discs in vertebrae*
- Circumduction
- circular motion involving flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
- Strain
- muscle pull
- Costal cartilage
- attaches ribs to sternum, allows expansion of chest when breathing
- Internal rotation
- anterior part of a limb moves towards the midline, medial
- Ulna
- medial lower arm bone
- Coccyx
- tailbone
- Axial skeleton
- 26 vertebral column + 1 hyoid + 22 skull + 25 ribs and sternum + 6 auditory = 80 bones total
- Hinge joint
- movement in sagittal plane only (flexion and extension), resembles a door hinge ex. elbow, humerus and ulna (olecranon process and trochlea); knee, tibia and femur; ankle, talus, tibia and fibula
- Fibrous (immovable) joint
- ex. sutures of cranium, teeth sockets, sacrum (5 bones fused), coccyx (4 bones fused)
- Trabeculae
- individual bone parts of the cancellous tissue
- Cancellous bone
- also called spongy bone, its inner matrix is composed of small cavity-like spaces that are filled with marrow, appearance is similar to the structure of a bridge and it is light and strong
- Protraction
- moving in an anterior direction
- Ball socket (multiaxial) joint
- movement in 3 planes ex. hip, femur-pelvis (head of femur in acetabulum), humerus and scapula (head of humerus in glenoid fossa)
- Epiphysis
- region at the very ends of long bones, secondary ossification centre
- Zygomatic bone
- cheek bone
- Rotation
- movement occurs around the longitudinal (polar) axis, occurs on the transverse plane
- Sternum
- breastbone
- Sagittal plane
- divides the body into left and right sides (examples of activities: running, biking, cross-country skiing)