Section Number One (Set 3)

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U.S. v Harris: 1883; holds 14th Amendment applies to discrimination by state governments not to discrimination by private individuals. The Civil Rights Cases held Congress could not punish discrimination by private persons only discriminatory actions by states.
Executive Order 10308: 1951; ordered an end to discrimination in all governmental contracts.
1963: JFK assinated VP (Texan) LBJ becomes President and will call for Civil Rights laws. President Lyndon Johnson calls for new laws to outlaw discrimination based on race.
1924: Congress by Federal Statute gives Native Americans Federal Citizenship plus voting rights.
Second Continental Congress: 1776; rejects Thomas Jefferson's call for an end to slavery The Declaration of Independence is Ratified with out a declared end to slavery of blacks.
1815-1860: Abolitionism becomes the top reform movement. Never more than 1/4 of 1 million in the north.
Buchanan v. Warley: 1917; declares illegal state-and-city-imposed residential segregation.
Griffin v. School Board of Prince Edward County: 1964; 24th amendment outlawed poll taxes as anti-democratic and unfair to the poor. Held government cannot close public schools to stop intergration because 14th Amendment guarantees Equal Protection. Civil Rights Act (Tittle VII) outlaws discrimination based on race and gender. LBJ predicts his support of Civil Rights laws will end based on race and gender. LBJ predicts his support of Civil Rights laws will end Democrats' control of "Solid South" Heart of Atlanta Motel v. U.S. (1964 upholds 9-0 1964 Civil Rights Ac ; Commerce clause (Art I, Section 8 Clause 3) is cited i.e. racial discrimination hurts U.S. business.
Romer v. Evans: 1996; declares a state cannot discriminate against an identified group. The Court gave its ruling on May 20, 1996 against an amendment to the Colorado state constitution that would have prevented any city, town or county in the state from taking any legislative, executive, or judicial action to protect homosexual citizens from discrimination on the basis of their sexual orientation.
Souls of Black Folk: 1903; a sociological work by W. E. B. Du Bois argueing that blacks must act forcefully to become free.
Equal Rights Amendment: 1970; Equal Rights Amendment approved by 35 states - 3 states short of ratification.
The Seneca Fall Convention: 1848; This was the first woman's rights convention. It also called for an end to slavery.
When did slavery begin in Virginia and English settlers support the African slave trade start.: 1619
La Amistad: 1831-1848; John Quincy Adams rises to prominence in congress and in opposition to slavery. Serves as defense in the famous Amistad case.
Freedman's Bureau: 1865; Post Civil War effort to begin employment of former slaves. 13th Amendment is passed formerly/legally ends slavery in America.
North West Ordinace: 1787, Framers of the U.S. constitution continue to allow states to enslave Black Americans.
Shelly v. Kramer: 1984; holds 14th Amendment denies state legal power to enforce private restrictive housing convents that deny "equal protection" to all persons of color.
Grutter v. Bollinger: 2003; upholds 6-3 University of Michigan's law school admissions program.
Sweat v. Painter: 1950; held 9-0 that law schools for whites and black violates the 14th amendment's Equal Protection Clause.
1957: President Eisenhower sends troops to Arkansas and "federalizes" state national guard. Civil Rights Act is opposed by a 24 hour plus filibuster by senator Stromm Thurmond.
AMENDMENT XV: The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 1870.
The Man Farthest Down: 1912; by Booker T Washington urged moderation in seeking rights.
Scott v. Sanford: 1857 Declares the comprise of 1820 was wrong to outlaw the spread of slavery. was a decision by the United States Supreme Court that ruled that people of African descent imported into the United States and held as slaves, or their descendants whether or not they were slaves—were not legal persons and could never be citizens of the United States, and that the United States Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories.
1826: Thomas Jefferson dies and and frees his slaves at Monticello in his legal will.
Uncle Tom's Cabin: 1852; is written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. This masterpiece moves northers to oppose slavery. President Lincoln will famously say so your the little lady who started this great war.
John Brown' Raid on Harpers Ferrie: 1859; with White and Black Evangelical abolitionists he attacked the federalist arsenal at Harper's Ferry in West Virginia. He expressed no regret and is publicly hanged by Union Troops lead by Robert E. Lee.
What was the effect of the assination of Dr. MLK Jr.: Assassinated in Memphis; Congress quickly passes the 1968 Civil Rights Act which outlaws discrimination in all housing. However, "de facto" segregation (socio-economic housing in neighborhoods) will continue. Richard Nixon elected President, winning the South with his "Southern Strategy"
Clarence Thomas: 1991; confirmed as second ever African-American Justice on U.S. Supreme Court.
Brown II Brown v. Board of Education Topeka (Brown II): 1955; declared that public school officials could use "all deliberate speed" to comlpy with the court's 1954 Brown ruling.
Harry Truman: Elected in 11984; he had supported strong civil right legislation before he was elected presidential power to promote civil rights far more than other presidents. He would continue his support issuing order 9981 ordering equal treatment/ opportunity in the U.S. military. The President issues an executive order to racially integrate the U.S. military.
District of Columbia v. John B Thompson: 1953; held 9-0 that the 14th amendment's equal protection clause required "well behaved persons of color" could not be denined service; soon Washingtons restaurants, hotels motion picture houses, swimming pools and bowling alleys all began to open there doors to African Americans and other people of color.
Hubert Humphrey: 1984; Key Note Speaker at Democratic National Convention; calls for an end to segregation.
George Wallace: 1963; "Segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever," the words of Alabma's Governor. In Birmingham, Alabama; a violent police response to non-violent protestors persuades JFK to speak on national TV and call for congress to enact a landmark Civil Rights law. University of Alabama racially integrated- after Governor Wallace briefly blocks the doorway to the University of Alabama's Admission office; President Kennedy "federalized" Alabama national guard to enforce court order.
Gratz v. Bollinger: 2003; overturns 5-4 University of Michigan's admissions program with quotas.
How did ending reconstruction affect the south?: 1877; Northern occupying troops removed from the South. Blacks become unofficial slaves. Jim Crow segregation laws reemerge (de jure segregation) throughout the South. e.g., interracial marriage, segregation in schools and transportation, restrictions in employment, and unequal punishments based upon race for violations of law.
Brown I Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas: 1954; Held that separate but equal doctrine violates the 14th amendment of the Constitution's Equal Protection Clause as applied to taxpayers supporting public schools. Brown directly overturned by name Plessy v. Fergusson (1896). Brown consulate cases from Kansas and Delaware, South Carolina and Virginia, and Washington D.C.
Americans With Disability Act (ADA): 1990; end all discrimination against the disabled.
1799:: George Washington dies and frees the slaves on his mount vernon plantation in his legal will.
WWI: 1917-18; U.S. enters WWI - 3 million American soldiers, with a segregated military.
Rosa Parks: 1955; sits in "whites-only" seats on bus, and begins bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. Reverend martin Luther King Jr (age 27) emerges as leading voice of non-violence protest.
AMENDMENT XIV: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 1868.
President Nixon: 1969; begins cutting LBJ's "Great Society Programs" (benign neglect)
(NAACP) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People: 1909; a branch of this orginization was constructed for the sole purpose of overturning segergation in the South.
Harris v. Forklift: 1993; Systems (1993) outlaws (9-0) sexual harassment in the workplace.
Norris v. Alabama: 1935; held states cannot allow the systematic exclusion of possible jurors who are of the same race as the defendants.
Civil War: 1861-65; Also known as the War between States ("War of Northern Aggression") The Civil War was the most expensive war ever, more expensive in terms in lives and money than any other. North - 100,000+ blacks fight for the Norths 22 million population. At Wars end 1/10th Union troops = black. South - no blacks/slaves fight 5 million whites control 4 million blacks during 4 year war in South.
Civil Rights: Positive actions governments use to protect individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by other governments or persons based on categories. Examples race, gender, age, religion, sexual orientation, disability. The Constitution and its Amendments will be the basis to all U.S. laws.
Powell v. Alabama: 1932; held the 14th amendment denies states power to exclude blacks from the right to vote in Federal Elections.
Emit Till: 1955; (black youth age 14) is murdered in Mississippi; white suspects gloat when the all white jury find them "not guilty". Many Americans felt ashamed and embarrassed.
Browder v. Gayle: 1956; upheld (9-0) a lower federal court case holding that the 14th amendment's Equal Protection Clause outlaws segregated taxpayer-supported city bus systems.
Brown v Mississippi: 1936; held that the use of a confession extorted from the accused by brutality and violence is a denial of the 14th Amendment's guarantee of Due Process.
The Fugitive Slave Law: 1850; Congress requires police in free states to return fugitive slaves to there masters in the south.
14th amendment: 1868; circumvents Scott v. Sanford; and gives blacks U.S. citizenship it applies "Due Process" Clause & and Equal Protection Clause (Federal Law) to states.
Plessy v. Ferguson: 1896; Supreme Court eight to one opinion upholds Jim Crow laws; it established "separate but equal" legal doctrine which would be law for 58 years.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act: 1854; sponsored by Senator Stephen Douglas, this would rip open the slavery debate; and create the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries.
Loving v. Virginia: 1967; outlawed (9-0) 17 state laws prohibiting inter-racial marriage as a violation of the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause; 30 states once had such laws; Utah repealed in 1963, Arizona repealed in in 1962, and Nevada repealed in 1959. Thurgood Marshall nominated by LBJ as the first African American justice on the U.S. Supreme Court.
Missouri ex rel. Gaines Canada: 1938; held a state cannot give cash grants to students who attended law school in non-segergated states as the Equal Protection clause is violated; plaintiff Loyd Gaines soon disappeared mysteriously and was never heard from again. Ex rel is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase "ex relatione" meaning "by the relation of" (or, loosely translated, "on behalf of"). The term is a legal phrase most commonly used when a government brings a cause of action upon the request of a private party who has some interest in the matter.
1941-45: U.S. fights WWII with a segregated military; black soldiers led by white officers.
19th Amendment: 1920; 19th amendment gives all women the right to vote. Black/ white women are given the right to vote in federal elections.
Title IX: 1972; Title IX of Federal Education Amendment to the 1964 Civil Rights Act requires substantially equal spending for young women in college and university sports.
Craig v. Boren: 1976; held that liquor laws must require the same age for men and women.
Jackie Robinson becomes: 1947; becomes the first African-American integrate major league baseball. The Republican-controlled Congress refuses to pass a anti-lynching law.
How was the University of George Intergrated?: 1961; First freedom rides begin in the early 1960's with racially-integrated groups entering the South; it ends violently with Buses full of peaceful protestors being burned. (Charlene hunter Gault: made civil rights history as the first African American woman to graduate from the University of Georgia in 1962, and has gone on to establish herself as one of television's premier journalists.)
"Reconstruction": 1865-77; All observers agree that this federal effort was a failure.
1963: Dr. King's "I have a dream" speech moves one quarter of a million to the Mall in Washington D.C. nation and congress.
Lawerence v. Texas: 2003; overturn 6-3 Bower v. Hardwick (1986) and all "sodomy" laws, reinforcing public and private domains in federal law.
1895: Fredrick Douglas who had been Americas number one abolitionist leader for more that sixty years dies. W.E.B DuBois calls for an end to Jim Crow laws (second African American to Earn a PH.D). Booker T. Washington stresses moderation and cooperation with the dominate white population.
Pace v. Alabama: 1882; Holds states may impose more severe punishments for adultery and fornication between persons of differnt races than those of the same race.
1963: Medger Evers (NAACP Miss. St. Dir) shot/ killed in drive way of home after TV appearance.
What year was the University of Mississippi racially integrated (James Merdith) some protesters dieing in the process. In the same year when did W.E.B DuBois die at the age of ninety three in Africa (Ghana); having left the U.S. angry at racism.: 1962
Bailey v. Alabama: 1910; held 13th and 14th amendments deny states power to punish defaulting and or deserting sharecroppers for "obtaining credit under false premises"Alonzo Bailey was a African American who agreed to work for one year at $12 per month. He received an advance of $15. After working for a little over a month he stopped work, but did not refund any money. According to Alabama law such refusal to work and refund the money was prima facie evidence of intent to defraud.
15th amendment: 1870; circumvents "Dred Scott v. Sanford" (1857) and gives blacks U.S. citizenship; it applies "Due Process" Clause and "Equal Protection" Clause (Federal Law) to States.
Lincoln Douglas Debates: 1858; In Illinois U.S. race, Abraham Lincoln debates Stephen Douglas; Lincoln says slavery hurts the U.S.The Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858 were a series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate, and the incumbent Stephen A. Douglas, a Democrat, for an Illinois seat in the United States Senate.
Earl Warren: 1953; The Governor of California becomes the chief justice of the supreme court, and has Brown v. Board rearguard.
Boston Massacre: 1770:(march 5th) included American black Bostonian Crispus Attucks.
U.S. v. Cruikshank: 1876; held 14th Amendment could not be used to protect former slaves who wished to vote from violent public harassment by private (White) Individuals.
1965: LBJ in State of Union Address, declares that "we shall overcome" racism/segregation; LBJ declares the need for "Affirmative Action"/ using government as a legal tool to end past wrongs. Selma, Alabama beatings by state troopers at Edmund Pettis bridge seen on U.S. T.V; March 7th beatings of non-violent protesters angers LBJ and moves Congress to action; Civil Rights Act/ Voting Rights Act enacted and renewed in 2006 by congress
Cooper v. Aaron: 1958; reaffirmed (9-0) Brown v Board. Outlawing the "Separate but equal" doctrine reasserted that the U.S. Constitution's "Supremacy Clause" (Article VI, Section 2) declared a federal judge ruling could not be ignored/overruled by a Governor of a state.
McLaurin v. Oklahoma: 1950; State Regents held 9-0 the 14th amendment of the constitution "Equal Protection Clause" prohibits states from providing substantially equal accommodations that are separate; Justices chose not to address constitutionality of the "separate but equal" doctrine.
Executive Order 9809: 1946; President Truman issues a Executive Order which created the Committees on Civil Rights. The commitees soon issued a 178-page report citing acts of racial discrimination in government.
Regents of U.C. Davis v. Bakke;: 1978;held 5-4 "affirmative action" legal but not quotas.
Civil Right Act of 1875: Although This was the last law passed by Congress to guarantee full civil rights to African-American until 1975 when Congress passed the first 20th century civil rights act.
1963: The bombing of the sixteenth street baptist church in Birmingham, Alabama kills four young girls linked to KKK.
Marian Anderson: 1939; allowed to sing at the Lincoln Memorial, with aid of Presidents Wife.
What was the first racially intergrated War fought by the United States?: 1950-53; Korean War fought with first racial integrated U.S. military.
What was the effect of Lincoln's assassination?: 1865; This moves the north to impose a Harsh Peace on the South. This does not help abolishonism. He becomes a Martyr.
AMENDMENT XIII: Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.1865.
Nixon v. Herndon: 1927; Held the 14th amendment denies states power to exclude blacks from the right to vote in elections. i.e. white-only elections deny "equal protection of the laws"
Berea College v. Kentucky: 1908; held "separate but equal" doctrine applied to public schools. was a significant case argued before the United States Supreme Court that upheld the rights of states to prohibit private educational institutions chartered as corporations from admitting both black and white students. Like the related Plessy v. Ferguson 163 U.S. 537 (1896) case, it was also marked by a strongly worded dissent by John Marshall Harlan. The ruling also is a minor landmark on the nature of corporate personhood.
15th Amendment: 1870; Former male slaves are given the right to vote. Black and White Women are not given the right to vote.
Woodrow Wilson: 1913; Progressive & Democratic President continues segregation during his adminstraion.
1965: Malcolm X is assassinated in Harlem after speaking out for racial intergration.
FDR: 1933-45; tolerates segregation, but allows his wife Eleanor to act against segregation.
1960: First "sit-ins" at lunch counters begin by non-violent student protesters. (John Lewis)
The Emancipation Proclamation: 1863; declares an end to slavery in the South if war continues
Olmstead v. L.C.: 1997; upholds designation of "special accommodation for the disabled.

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