History Final

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John Maynard Keynes: argues the deficit spending could provide jobs and stimulate the economy.
NAACP: worked to gain equal rights for African Americans
Treaty of Versailles: the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans
1912 Election: Gov. Woodrow Wilson (D) v. Eugene Debs (Soc.) v. T.R. and Taft - Wilson won
Muckrakers: This term applies to newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social problems of the era of big business. The term was first given to them by Theodore Roosevelt.
Booker T. Washington: felt that African Americans should accept segregation and the best way to overcome it is to improve you farming an d vocational skills
Haymarket Riot: union members went on strike to support an 8 hour work day in chicogo, illinois. bomb went off many were killed
George Armstrong Custer: United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876)
SEC: continues today to regulate trading practices in stocks and bonds according to federal laws
Charlie Chaplin: English comedian and film maker; portrayed a downtrodden little man in baggy pants and bowler hat
Jazz Singer: first "talkie" in 1927
Open Door Policy: In 1899 John Hay spoke of asking China to open the ports to all nations and not grant special privileges to the traders.
Longhorns: Interbred Spanish and English cattle. Live on little water and can live on grass alone.
Frederick Law Olmstead: Designed Central Park
November 11, 1918: Germany signs armistice
AAA: attempted to regulate agricultural production through farm subsidies; ruled unconstitutional in 1936; disbanded after World War II
Henry Ford: United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production (1863-1947)
Warren Harding: president in 1921 who elected his friends to the cabinet positions and they all ended up in scandals
Aimee Semple McPherson: fundamentalist preacher who presented more sophisticated image than Sunday; embraced glamour others warned about
Teapot Dome: In 1924 Charles Forbes and Daugherty made secret deals with oilsmen leasing government oil reserves in Elk Hills
Alvin York: shot down 24 German soldiers in a sniper's nest, and the rest surrendered to him in the battle of the argonne forest. got the congressional medal of honor while still alive.
John J. Pershing: US general who chased Villa over 300 miles into Mexico but didn't capture him
Fourteen Points: Wilson's plan for world peace following World War I
Eugene Debs: led railroad workers in Pullman strike, arrested
Dorothea Lange: United States photographer remembered for her portraits of rural workers during the Depression
Marcus Garvey: Many poor urban African Americans turned to this powerful leader in the 1920s. He founded the UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association), urged black economic cooperation and helped African Americans start businesses. He supported "back-to-Africa" movement.
Social Security: New Deal program which set-up pensions for older Americans.
Installment Plan: buying on credit and making monthly payments.
RFC (Reconstruction Finance Corp): an agency establishesd in 1932 to provide emergency financing to banks, life-insurance companies, railroads and other companies
W.E.B. Du Bois: believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediatly;founded the NAACP
Woodrow Wilson: 28th president of the U.S.; his reform legislation included direct election of senators, prohibiton, and women's suffrage.
Jim Crow Laws: Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites
Smoot-Hawley Tariff: US increased tariffs
James Garfield: Thought that people should get government jobs on the basis of merit or ability rather then as a political reward he also found himself swamped by people seeking patronage.
Militarism: A policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army always ready for war.
Thomas Edison: Inventor of light bulb, phonograph and numerous other innovations
Bootleggers: Smugglers of illegal alcohol during the Prohibition era
Red Scare: a period of general fear of communists
Upton Sinclair: muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.
No Man's Land: between the trenches (After the barbed wire). You were going to get shot.
CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps.): It was Relief that provided work for young men 18-25 years old in food control, planting, flood work, etc.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act: this was a law that made it illegal to create monopolies or trust that restrained free trade
William McKinley: 25th president, Republican, Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism
Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire
The Great Gatsby: Novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald
USS Maine: ship sent to Cuba, blown up which started S.A.War because US thought Spain did it
Great Railroad Strike: A group of railroad workers on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad rose up and began to strike due to wage cuts. This spread up and down the railroad line across the nation. Railroad roadhouse was torched. Their violent acts led them to be suppressed by the government, while damaging the reputation of unions.
Charles Lindbergh: Flew solo across across the Atlantic Ocean
Nineteenth Amendment: Gave women the right to vote.
Steamboat Willie: first ever cartoon movie (+sound)
Rough Riders: volunteer soldiers led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish American War
Okies: unflattering name given to Oklahomans and others from the rural Midwest, especially those who left the Dust Bowl looking for better lives during the 1930s
Babe Ruth: United States professional baseball player famous for hitting home runs (1895-1948)
Amelia Earhart: First Woman to fly across the Atlantic,"Lady Lindy", Set Women's Altitude record, Lost in 1937
Roosevelt Corollary: president Theodore Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the monroe doctrine, in which he declared that the united states had the right to exercise "police power" throughout the western hemishere.
Chief Joseph: Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations
TVA: Built dams to provide cheap electric power to seven southern states; set up schools and health centers
John Muir: United States naturalist (born in England) who advocated the creation of national parks (1838-1914), founded Boy Scouts and Yellow Stone.
Alexander Graham Bell: Inventor of the telephone
Zimmermann Note: German message, intercepted by the British, proposing an alliance with Mexico
Langston Hughes: Essayist and poet during the Harlem Renaissance
FDR (Franklin Delano Roosevelt): New Deal, social security, govt intervention, only president elected to 4 terms.
Theodore Roosevelt: President who created the square deal; regulated big businesses, railroads; introduced arbitration for the coal strike of 1902; passed Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act; also enviromentalist
NRA: National Recovery Administration: Attempted to combat the Depression through national economic planning by establishing and administering a system of industrial codes to control production, prices, labor relations, and trade practices among leading business interests; ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935
George Dewey: a United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War
New Deal: the historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented
Scopes Trial: a highly publicized trial in 1925 when John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school
Sarajevo: Location where the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of the Austrian Empire was assassinated
Homestead Act: Provided free land to settlers who were willing to live on it and cultivate it
Washington Naval Conference: Harding invited several major powers to this event, and for the 1st time in history, powerful nations agreed to disarm
Jane Addams: founded Hull House
H.M.S. Lusitania: British passenger boat sunk by a German submarine that claimed 1,000 lives. One of main reasons Amereica decided to join the war.
Promontory Point: Point in Utah where the Transcontinental Railroad was completed
Andrew Carnegie: founder of the Carnegie Steel Company
Susan B. Anthony: social reformer, feminist and was abolitionist, helped to form National Womans suffrage association
Black Cabinet: African Americans who became unofficial advisers to the President
Bonus Army: Congress voted to give WWI veterans an additional amount of money to be paid in 1945. In 1932, the veterans camped in a tent city along the Potomac River to make their statement. Senate rejected the bill to pay them immediately, and so Hoover sent out the military and General MacArthur to deal with them. They were attacked by tanks and machine guns.
Billy Sunday: American fundamentalist minister; Down to earth and rural.
Sacco & Vanzetti: United States anarchist (born in Italy) who with Bartolomeo Vanzetti was convicted of murder and in spite of world-wide protest was executed (1891-1927)
Eighteenth Amendment: banned production, sale and transport of alcohol in the U.S
Samuel Gompers: In 1886 the Knights of Laborers left to form the American Federation of Labor in 1988 led by him
Progressives: reformers who focused on urban problems (plight of workers, poor sanitation, corrupt political machines)
Flappers: women who abandoned dress and conduct codes of the past; these rebellious girls became the symbol of the Roaring Twenties; shocked their elders with short skits, slang, new dances, heavy makeup, and drinking or smoking in public
Al Capone: United States gangster who terrorized Chicago during Prohibition until arrested for tax evasion
U-Boat: German Submarine
John D Rockefeller: standard oil company'; one of the richest;gave money to others
Russo-Japanese War: President Theodore Roosevelt of the United States was largely responsible for bringing the two sides together and working out a treaty. For his efforts, Roosevelt won the Nobel Prize for peace.
WCTU (Women's Christian Temperance Union): group organized in 1874 that worked to ban the sale of liquor in the U.S.
League of Nations: an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations
Seventeenth Amendment: allowed Americans to vote directly for U.S senators
Herbert Hoover: President when: stock market crashed; bonus army marched on DC. Promised "prosperity for all"
Calvin Coolidge: Became president when Harding died. Tried to clean up scandals. Business prospered and people's wealth increased
Black Tuesday: Oct 29 stocks went down as far as it could go and stocks lost $10-15 billion in value
Kellogg-Briand Pact: renounced war as an instrument of national policy
Elizabeth Cady Stanton: United States suffragist and feminist
Meat Inspection & Food Act: Regulated food processing because of the health horrors described in The Jungle cut the sale of meat products almost in half.
Panama Canal: In 1902 Congress authorized president Theodore Roosevelt to accept the French company's' offer of $40 million for the Panama Canal.
Neutrality: nonparticipating in a dispute or war
Clayton Anti-Trust Act: restricted monopolies and set up a Federal Trade Commission to stop unfair practices which may arise
WPA: Massive work relief program funded projects ranging from construction to acting; disbanded by FDR during WWII
Frances Perkins: Secretary of Labor, First woman in cabinet, Social Security, minimum wage
Harlem Renaissance: a period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished
Allies: in World War I the alliance of Great Britain and France and Russia and all the other nations that became allied with them in opposing the Central Powers
Dust Bowl: Occurred when a long drought hit the great plains turning most of the soil into dust. The winds easily blew most of the dust/soil into huge black dust/soil clouds.
Plessy v Ferguson: supreme court ruled that segregation public places facilities were legal as long as the facilites were equal
D.W. Griffith: birth of a nation- controversial movie
Speakeasies: Secret bars where alcohol could be purchased illegally
Credit Mobilizer: Scam where they funneled money from federal railroad money to people in congress and even up to the vice president.
Social Darwinism: lifestyle according to Darwin's theory as a natural selection which explains why some people in society prosper and others don't.
Eleanor Roosevelt: FDR's wife, traveled US to promote the New Deal and to defend human rights.
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory: this factory kept doors locked to avoid theft trapping workers inside when a fire erupted; alerted reformers to the terrible conditions of industrial workers
Sixteenth Amendment: a law that allowed Congress to levy taxes based on an individual's income
FDIC: a federally sponsored corporation that insures accounts in national banks and other qualified institutions

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