nutr exam iia (class notes)
Terms
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- water
- glc (w/ O2)-->__________: 68% of free energy captured in ATP
- dangerous
- increase in insulin after a meal isn't __________, chronically elevated insulin is
- syndrome X, insulin
- metabolic syndrome aka __________ is seen in overweight/obese individuals: _______ resistance->chronically elevated insulin; increase in blood lipids/blood pressure, and decrease in ability to dissolve blood clots
- nutritionally sound, lifelong, individualized, flexible, cost
- weight loss diet criteria: is it __________?, __________, __________, __________, and __________?
- 21-33, 8-20
- for decreased health risks, recommended body composition: females __________% body fat, males __________% body fat
- ephedra
- herb/botanical non-prescription drugs for weight loss: their's no regulation; ex. __________->side effects include stroke, seizer (baseball pitcher died and it's no longer legal to sell/buy)
- small intestine
- gastric bypass: large part of __________ is cut out
- liposuction
- __________: sucks/scoops out excess fat in specific spots; there are surgical risks
- lactic acid, inefficient
- glc (w/o O2)-->__________: around 4% free energy from glucose is captured in ATP= __________!
- 75
- up to __________% of weight loss is water
- 50-60, monitering, counseling
- weight loss surgery: average __________% loss in excess body weight, but need lifelong __________ and lifelong __________ for (diet/exercise)
- weight in kg, height in meters squared
- BMI is __________ divided by __________
- direct calorimetry, indirect calorimetry, doubly labelled water
- to determine energy out: __________ (measure change in heat production), __________ (measure O2 consumption), and __________ (give person drink: [H20+CO2] - H2O2 = CO2 production)- $$$ but accurate!
- oxygen
- can't metabolize protein or fats w/o __________
- in, out
- energy balance= energy __________ - energy __________
- 6 months
- before going on a weight loss drug, need to ask if they've tried to lose weight for __________
- laxatives
- __________ hasten the eliminatio of unwanted remains in the large intestine (but calories are still absorbed in the small intestine)
- water
- 1 kcal= amount of energy required to raise temp of 1 mL of __________ 1 degree C
- pyruvate, CoA, citric acid
- oxidatino of proteins: amino acids converted-->__________, acetyl __________, and intermediates of the __________ cycle
- liposuction, decrease
- when you lose weight through _________, health risks remain; meanwhile, when you lose weight through decreasing kcals, the health risks __________
- endocrine
- when you lose fat its all over the place because of the __________ system
- kcal balance
- primary determinant of fat storage is __________
- heart disease, storage of body fat, blood glucose->hunger
- carbs increase-->increase in insulin-->increase in __________ risk and __________, and decrease in __________
- carbs
- oxygen isn't needed to metabolize __________
- 50-100
- need __________ g protein/day to prevent lean tissue breakdown
- 24 hours, 4-6 weeks
- long term energy storage: glycogen is stored for around __________, and fat is stored for around __________
- 10, 1/2-2
- rate of weight-loss goal: __________% body weight/six months, or around __________ lbs/week
- fats, carbs, protein
- in order of preference, we oxidize: __________, then __________, then __________ (rare)
- folic acid
- every women capable of becoming pregnant should take a __________ supplement
- set point
- __________- weight your body wants to defend/get back to
- 60, 60-90
- to prevent weight gain w/ age, __________ min of moderate-vigorous activity on most days is recommended; to sustain reduced weight in adulthood, __________ min of moderate activity/day is recommended
- glycerol, fatty acids
- triglycerides: made of __________ (glycolytic intermediate) and __________ (acetyl CoA)
- alli, fat
- __________ aka orlistat or xenicol decrease __________ absorption (avoid it to avoid symptoms): decrease GI absorption->diarrhea and cramps
- 1600
- if go under __________ kcal/day, take a vit/mineral supplement
- diet, exercise
- weight loss diets must include a change in __________ and __________
- inflatable Lab band
- __________: put around stomach, making the stomach smaller (stomach capacity: 50 oz-->1-3 oz)
- 18.5, 18.5-24.9, 25-29.9, 30
- BMI: underweight: <__________, desirable: __________, overweight: __________, obese: >__________
- body fat, lean tissue
- overweight risks come from an increase in __________, not an increase in __________
- indirect calorimetry
- __________ involves putting a mask on and calculate O2 in and O2 out
- gastric bypass surgery
- __________- decreases stomach capacity and allows food to bypass large part of the small intestine
- 7, fat
- carbs: 4 kcal/gm, protein: 4 kcal/gm, fat: 9 kcal/gm, EtOH (alcochol) __________ kcal/gm (oxidized similar to the way we oxidize __________)
- meridia, serotonin
- the only perscribed drug for weight loss is __________, which affects __________ reuptake nihibitors, decreases apetite, one yr of max treatment, side effects include increase in blood pressure
- DRI
- to estimate energy requirements we use __________'s for kcals (only this measurement doesn't have a safety factor: ppl might start gaining weight, not specific to the person)
- bariatric surgery
- __________ aka weight loss surgery incl. modification of the GI tract to reduce nutrient intake and/or absorption
- age, physical activity, height
- to calculate energy requirement, you need to know __________, weight, __________, __________, and gender
- physical activity, BMR, thermic effect of food
- energy out depends on __________, __________ (70-80% of energy output), and the __________