Archaelogy 100 - First Test
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
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Archaelogy:
What is it?
When did it begin? -
Systematic interest in using physical evidence to reconstruct and interpret the past. It is the scientific study of the human past
Began in Italy during the Renaissance with the rediscovery of Classical Antiquity (ca. 1300-1600 A.D.). - Who is James Usher?
- 1650 AD: He was an archbishop that was interested in chronology. Believed earth began in 4003 BC, 2nd month, 11 days, 6hrs. Later found out 4004 BC, 10th month, 23 days, 9hrs.
- Who is James Hutton?
- 1785 AD: He is interested in how rocks form. Stated that the laws of nature have remained constant throughout time. Discovered bands (sedimentary layers, must have layed out horizontally through time).
- Who is Jacques Boucher de Perthes?
- 1837 AD: Found forms of exotic extinct animals. Wanted to put them in order. Found with the bones human made artifacts. Published articles but not widely accepted.
- Who is Charles Darwin?
- 1859: Developed the theory of Evolution/ Natural Selection/Descent through Modification.
- Who is Thomas Henry Huxley?
- 1857: He was the first person to apply humans to evolution.Wrote Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature in 1863. Origins of humans had to be in Africa or Asia. Said monkeys and humans have a common ancestor (missing link).
- 1925 -- Raymond Dart
- First fossil find at Taung in South Africa. Named it Australopithicus africanus. Juvenile about 10 years old.
- Australopithicus africanus -- characteristics
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Bipedal - foramen magnum
Name means S. African ape - not quite human
More lightweight/gracile than ape
Came w/ cast of brain (Calcium carbonate filled skull & calcified)
Adults: projecting skulls,smooth round top, 400cc, 3.5ft tall - foramen magnum
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large hole in skull
if at bottom creature is bipedal
if at back creature is four legged -
Brain capacity of:
Apes?
Humans? -
Apes: 350 cc
Humans: 1250 cc - Taphonomy
- laws of burial
- Characteriscs of humans:
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Hands with opposable thumbs
Speech
bipelism
large brains
hairless - Pleiocene Epoc
- 5 mya
- Osteodontokeratic
- tool kit of our hominid ancestor Australopithecus africanus. Dart believed that Australopithecus built tools out of bone (osteo), teeth (donto) and horn (keratic)
- Difference between a hominid and a hominin?
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hominid: all fossil forms
hominin: fossils on the direct line of human evolution - Australopithicus robustus
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found in same caves as other A. africanus
mixed in with remains of leopard and hyena meals - Who is Charles Brain?
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Investigated how caves were formed
Studied animal bones
Found that leopard fangs matched holes in skulls
Bones could have fallen out from trees of leopard lairs - 1959 -- Olduvai Gorge
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Louis and Mary Leakey
Found Zinjanthropus boisei now A. boisei or Paranthropus boisei
500 cc
Found with stone tools
Sagittal crest & robust skeleton... - 1960s -- Olduvai Gorge
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Leakeys find Homo habilis
680 cc-700cc
2 mya - 1972 - Koobi Fora
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Richard Leakey uncovers second more complete Homo habilis skull
1.8 mya - Homo rudolfensis
- smaller, possible different sex
- 1977 -- Laetoli, Tanzania
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Mary Leakey discovers footprints of an upright bipedal hominid
Date between 3.4 and 3.6 mya
About 3ft tall - 1970s -- Hadar/Afar
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found skeleton
Australopithicus afarensis aka Lucy
dated to 3.4 mya
3ft, 80lbs
projecting muzzle, eyebrow ridges, small brain (350cc)
still adapted to grasping trees - 1999 -- Koobi Fora
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Maeve Leakey and her team discover the remains of Kenyanthropus platyops
flat faced
350cc
3.5 mya - phylogenetic diagram
- evolutionary diagram
- What were two groups of stone tools that were studied?
- Olduwan and Acheulean
- Torralba/Ambrona, Spain
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Deposits of stone artifacts and bones of extinct elephants, horses, deer
Probably Pleistocene era
Tools made of stone, bone, ivory, tusk, and wood
Ashes found - possible cooking - Atapuerca, Spain
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Sima de los Huesos
Large crevice H. heidelbergensis found
largest set of human remains ever recovered from the (lower)paleolithic period
32 individuals - Gran Dolina, Spain
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Layer 6 about 900 kya
About 25 animals species: horse, deer, bison,rhinoceros,wild cat,hyena,wolf
Also human fossil fragments - a form of human erectus - Terra Amata, France
- remains of carefully constructed huts
- Schoningen, Germany
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Wooden spears were found - big game hunters
350 - 400 cc - Radiocarbon/C14 dating can only date back how far?
- 40 kya
- Neanderthals are associated with what stone tool industry?
- Mousterian
- Homo erectus and heidelbergensis are associated with what tool industry?
- Acheulean
- Shanidar, Iraq
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150 - 50 kya
One Neanderthal was buried with flowers
Another had only one arm - cared for by others - Qafzeh
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Human skull found
100 kya
Neanderthals + humans coexisted
DNA differs - Regional Continuity
- H. erectus spread out than later evolved through time
- Replacement Theory
- "Out of Africa Theory" - Neanderthals and other forms eventually died out, humans replaced them
- spearthrower
- atlatl
- What did Alexander Marshak discover?
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Dots/marks on bone
came in clusters, all different
possible lunar calendar
abri blanchard - Dolni Vestonice
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26 - 27 kya
large huts
animal bones surround them
woman found in hut - face partly paralyzed, sculptures showed the same
3 skeletons: guy, girl, guy/no hands - Sungir
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22 kya
adult male near moscow
beads made out of marine shell
buried on his back
similar stuff in N. Italy - Also found twin dwarfs - Venus of Willendorf
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6 in. high
Austria
exaggerated hips,breasts,body, etc