Science
CERTAIN Science stuff that I have trouble with. This is only a very small portion of what we have covered. My advice is to go to Mrs. Gilbert's eBoard, download the HW sheets, and only come here for what you don't know the answers to (that question might not be here.) In that case, please send me a PM.
Terms
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- Cerebellum
- Portion of the brain located below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum, responsible for control and coordination of skeletal muscles
- Fossils
- Formed by sedimentary rock
- Chromatin
- The loose and uncoiled form of DNA seen during interphase
- Taxonomy
- Study of the classification of organisms in biology
- Monera
- A taxonomic kingdom of prokaryotic organisms that typically reproduce by asesxual reproduction
- Germination
- Early growth stage of plant embryo.
- Molds
- Organism is buried in sediment and then decays leaving an empty space
- Periosteum
- A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles
- Natural Selection
- The process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species.
- What were the contributions of Leeuwenhoek?
- He was the first to see bacteria.
- Spontaneous Generation
- The idea that living things come from non living things
- Codominance
- A type of inheritance in which two dominant alleles are expressed at the same time without blending of traits.
- What is the difference between diffusion and osmosis?
- Osmosis cause WATER molecules to move, while diffusion causes other kinds of molecules to move from higher concentration to lower concentration.
- TRNA
- RNA that carries amino acids to ribosomes
- Who developed the cell theory?
- Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow.
- What are the 8 life processes?
- Movement, reproduce, response, uses energy, are organized, growth, contain cells, have homeostasis,
- mRNA
- A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein; also called messenger RNA.
- Bone
- Complex living structure that undergoes growth and development
- Radioactive Dating
- Analysis of elements in a rock
- Meiosis
- Cell division that makes 4 haploid cells from 1 diploid cell (i.e. the process of making gametes)
- What is the function of each of the organic compounds? Carbohydrates
- storage and transport of energy and structural components
- Explain the process of respiration.
- During respiration, cells break down simple food molecules such as glucose and release the energy they contain. Glucose + oxygen = Carbon dioxide, water, and energy.
- Ligament
- A sheet or band of tough fibrous tissue connecting bones or cartilages or supporting muscles or organs
- Anaerobic Respiration
- Respiration that doesn't require oxygen.
- Mitosis
- Division of the cell nucleus: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. PMAT.
- Autotrophs
- Makes its own food
- Cambium
- A layer of cells in a plant that produces new phloem and xylem cells.
- What is the function of each of the organic compounds? Nucleic Acids
- Carry genetic information or form structures within cells.
- Casts
- When minerals and rocks fill a space left by a decayed organism. *makes a replica of the organism*
- What were the contributions of Virchow?
- Proposed that cells come only from pre-existing cells.
- What 5 chemicals are similar in organisms?
- Water, carbs, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
- What are the 4 organic compounds?
- Lipids/ protein/ carbohydrates/ nucleic acids.
- Two types of the four basic organic compounds?
- Carbs- simple and complex, protein-simple and conjugated, Lipids- saturated and unsaturated, and Nucleic Acids- DNA and RNA
- Adaptation
- Adaptation, in biology, has several meanings. It can mean the adjustment of living matter to environmental conditions and to other living things either in an organism's lifetime (physiological adaptation) or in a population over many many generations (evolutionary adaptation). The word can also refer to a trait that is considered an adaptation. The ability to adapt is a fundamental property of life and constitutes a basic difference between living and nonliving matter.
- Relative Dating
- Estimated by layers of rock the higher the rock layer is the younger the fossil is
- What are alleles?
- The sequence of nucleotides on a DNA molecule that constitutes the form of a gene at a specific spot or a chromosome. There can be several variations of this sequence, and each of these is called an allele. In the case of the gene for eye color, for example, one allele codes for blue eyes, whereas the other may code for brown eyes.
- Cytokinesis
- The division of the cytoplasm of a cell; cytokinesis follows the division of the cell's nucleus buy mitosis or meiosis
- Half Life
- How long it takes for half of the amount of radioactive data to change into a more stable form.
- Protein Synthesis
- The process in which the genetic code carried by messenger RNA directs cellular organelles called ribosomes to produce proteins from amino acids.
- Tendon
- Joins muscle to bone.
- What are the characteristics of life?
- Cellular organization, contain similar chemicals, use energy, grow and develop, respond to their surroundings, and reproduce.
- Petrified Fossils
- Are formed when minerals replace the remains, changing them into rock.
- Probability
- The likelihood that a particular event will occur.
- Monocot
- Angiosperm (flowering plant) with one cotyledon inside its seed.
- How are active transport and osmosis different from each other?
- Active transport requires energy, while osmosis doesn't.
- What does the cell theory say?
- All living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things, all cells are produced from other cells.
- What is the function of each of the organic compounds? Protein
- Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions, and are vital to metabolism. Protein is also necessary in animals' diets, since they cannot synthesise all the amino acids and must obtain essential amino acids from food.
- Joint
- The point of connection between two bones or elements of a skeleton (especially if the articulation allows motion)
- Variation
- Any difference between individuals of the same species.
- What were the contributions of Schleiden?
- He stated that all plants are made from cells.
- Darwin's Theory
- Finches made adaptations to help them adapt to there environment
- What were the contributions of Schwann?
- Stated that all animals and living things are made from cells.
- What is the function of each of the organic compounds? Lipids
- Have many functions in living organisms including nutrients, energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, and important signaling molecules. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum also processes these lipids, which store energy.
- Species
- The major subdivision of a genus or subgenus, regarded as the basic category of biological classification, composed of related individuals that resemble one another, are able to breed among themselves, but are not able to breed with members of another species.
- Carolus Linnaeus
- Father of modern classification, made ranking system
- Dicot
- Angiosperm, two seed leaves, or cotyledons, in the plant embryo.
- Centromere
- The region that holds chromatides together when a chromosomes is duplicated
- Brain Stem
- The part of the brain that lies between the cerebellum and spinal cord that controls the body's involuntary actions
- Muscle
- Tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body
- Yellow Marrow
- Stores fat that serves as an energy reserve.
- Metabolism
- The organic processes (in a cell or organism) that are necessary for life
- What are the 5 types of joints?
- Some joints are immovable, e.g., those that connect the bones of the skull, which are separated merely by short, tough fibers of cartilage. Movable joints are found for the most part in the limbs. Hinge joints provide a forward and backward motion, as at the elbow and knee. Pivot joints permit rotary movement, like the turning of the head from side to side. Ball-and-socket joints, like those at the hip and shoulder, allow the greatest range of movement, as the rounded end of one bone fits into the hollow or socket of another bone, separated by elastic cartilage.
- Describe the process of bone formation from birth to adulthood. What is the name of this process?
- Ossification
- Fermentation
- Fermentation, process by which the living cell is able to obtain energy through the breakdown of glucose and other simple sugar molecules without requiring oxygen. There are 2 types of fermentation, lactic and alcohol.
- Heterotroph
- Doesn't make its own food
- Angiosperm
- A plant having its seeds enclosed in an ovary; a flowering plant.
- Red Marrow
- Tissue that forms red blood cells, many white blood cells, and platelets.
- Continental Drift
- Theory that states that there was a supercontinent that split into the continents of today
- What is plasmolysis?
- Collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to the lack of water.
- Cerebrum
- Controls memory, learning, speech, and emotions
- What were the contributions of Hooke?
- He named cells, "cells," and was the first person to see them.