Hormones

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The ____ ____ of the testes release ____, which has a reputation as a "pregnancy hormone", but in fact exerts a variety of effects in males, including enhancing angiogenesis (growth of new blood vessels from existing vessels), inhibiting collagen synthesis, and decreasing BP (through vasodilation- relaxing smooth muscles of vessels).: interstitial cells, relaxin
Type 2 diabetes, also known as ____ ____, can often be controlled through adhering to strict dietary recommendations.: adult-onset diabetes
Frederic Banting sought assistance for his ligation project from ____ ____, an authority on carbohydrate metabolism and diabetes at the University of Toronto.: John Macleod
When glucagon binds to the surface receptor of its target cell, it changes the shape of that receptor, activating a ____ ____, which in turn activates adenylate cyclase.: G protein
Extreme hypothyroidism during childhood can cause this type of dwarfism, characterized by severe mental deficiency.: Cretinism
Until the ____, diabetes was an untreatable and fatal illness.: 1920s
When Macleod came back from his vacation and was convinced of Banting and Best's initial successful results, he invited this biochemist onto the project in order to help develop better procedures for extracting the antidiabetic substance, which the group had termed "insulin".: James Collip
Steroid hormones diffuse through the plasma membrane and reacts with protein receptor molecules to form ____ ____ that enter the nucleus, attach to specific sites of the chromosome and activates specific genes.: hormone-receptor complexes
John Macleod did not think Banting's idea for isolating the antidiabetic factor of the Langerhans cells would work initially, but eventually agreed to give Banting some lab space and a few dogs to work with. He soon left for a vacation in his native Scotland, leaving Banting to work on his research project alone, with only the assistance of his student from physiology class, ____ ____.: Charles Best
A deficiency in calcitonin may lead to this condition, characterized by the demineralization of bone by osteoclasts, which increases the risk of bone fracture.: hypercalcemia
The function of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas was unknown until the end of the 19th century, when these two German physiologists removed the pancreas from a dog (in an attempt to study pancreatic digestive enzymes), and accidentally induced diabetes in the dog!: Oscar Minkowski, Joseph von Mering
An excess of growth hormone causes this condition, in which certain parts of the body, including hands, feet, jaw, and nose, become enlarged.: acromegaly
The pituitary gland is attached to the ____ by a stalk (____).: hypothalamus, infundibulum
The adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones that regulate ____ metabolism and stabilize ____ and ____ concentrations in the blood.: sugar, sodium, potassium
By the end of 1922, this US pharmaceutical company started producing insulin commercially, beginning the eradication of diabetes as a fatal affliction!: Eli Lilly
A deficiency in this hormone produces hypoglycemia.: glucagon
During pregnancy, this hormone loosens the connections between pelvic bones, making them more flexible, and enlarging the birth canal. (This occurs to a lesser extent in humans than many other mammals.): relaxin
These two "fight or flight" hormones increase the metabolism in emergencies by stimulating the pulse & BP, increasing blood flow to skeletal muscles (and decreasing blood flow to smooth muscles), as well as increasing blood glucose levels (through increasing conversion of glycogen to glucose, and decreasing insulin secretion).: epinephrine, norepinephrine
The antagonist hormone of calcitonin is what?: parathyroid hormone
In January of ____, the Toronto group of Banting, Best, Macleod, and Collip used beef insulin to cure a 12-year-old boy dying of diabetes!: 1922
This hormone, considered the primary female sex hormone, stimulates the development and maintenance of female sex organs, as well as the development of female secondary sex characteristics (such as breast development, broadening of pelvis, fat distribution, etc.).: estrogen
This hormone, secreted by the posterior pituitary, stimulates the kidney to absorb more water and return it to the blood, thereby decreasing urine volume.: antidiuretic hormone
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), also known as parathormone, increases the concentration of ____ in the blood, and decreases the concentration of ____ in the blood.: calcium, phosphate
High blood glucose levels stimulate the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas to secrete this hormone.: insulin
Another name for calcitonin is what?: thyrocalcitonin
Lack of iodine in the diet may cause ____, which is characterized by low energy levels and fatigue. If experienced during childhood and left untreated, this condition may produce cretinism (severely stunted physical and mental growth).: hypothyroidism
This system in humans provides some of the best evidence for the common ancestry of all vetebrates, in that a hormone such as insulin has virtually the same structure (and oftentimes function) from one of the vertebrate scale to the other.: endocrine system
The corpus luteum of the ovaries secretes this hormone, which prepares the inner layer of the uterus (endometrium) for implantation.: progesterone
This hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary, stimulates growth of the mammary glands during pregnancy, as well as milk production after birth. It also causes the male refractory period post-sex, by suppressing sexual arousal (induced by dopamine).: prolactin
Frederick Banting read a paper describing the autopsy of a person who had died from an obstruction of the major duct leading to the pancreas. In this person's pancreas, the acinar cells had degenerated; however, the ____ ____ ____ were intact and unharmed.: islets of Langerhans
A deficiency in this hormone can lead to diabetes mellitus.: insulin
Testosterone is an ____ secreted by the interstitial cells of the ____.: androgen, testes
Jackets of cells known as ____ surround potential egg cells during development, and secrete estrogens.: follicles
The posterior pituitary is not a true endocrine gland because it produces no hormones of its own, but rather, stores and secretes these two hormones produced by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus.: antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin
Type 1 diabetes is also known as ____ ____, because the condition appears during childhood as the result of the destruction of insulin-producing cells of the pancreas.: juvenile-onset diabetes
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is released by the ____ ____ gland when it is stimulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone-releasing factor secreted by the ____.: anterior pituitary, hypothalamus
Banting felt that his corecipient for the 1923 Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology should have been ____ instead of Macleod, and thus immediately announced he would share his prize money with the former. Not to be outdone, Macleod announced he would split his share of the prize money with ____. Banting and Macleod remained bitter enemies for the rest of their lives.: Best, Collip
A common "second messenger" passing on the message from the protein/peptide/amine hormone ("first messenger") is what?: cyclic AMP
In ____, the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology was awarded to ____ and ____, causing a lot of controversy.: 1923, Banting, Macleod
Hormones whose target cells are endocrine glands are called what?: tropic hormones
In males, this hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary, stimulates the testes to produce more sperm.: follicle-stimulating hormone
An excess of this protein hormone causes hypocalcemia, which is characterized by muscle spasms and tremors.: calcitonin
The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is known as the ____, while the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is known as the ____.: adenohypophysis, neurohypophysis
This is a system of ductless glands throughout the body that secrete chemicals (hormones) into the bloodstream, to affect distant cells in specific organs.: endocrine system
In this form of diabetes, the patient produces normal levels of insulin, but exhibit tissue-wide insulin resistance (i.e. target cells fail to respond to hormone, because of insulin receptor abnormalities.: Type 2
This double-lobed gland is considered the "master gland" of the endocrine system.: pituitary gland
This portion of the adrenal glands secretes hormones which increase the metabolism in emergencies.: adrenal medulla
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is the most widespread and best-studied ____ ____, which exerts specific affects by activating/inhibiting specific enzymes.: second messenger
Cortical hormones released by the adrenal cortex include ____, such as cortisol, and ____, such as aldosterone, as well as small amounts of gonadocorticoids, such as estrogens and androgens.: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids
These hormones, secreted by endocrine cells scattered throughout the body, regulate reproduction, blood clotting, uterine contraction, inflammation, and pain perception.: prostaglandins
This well-known androgen stimulates the development and maintenance of male sex organs, as well as the development of male secondary sex characteristics (such as deep voice, facial hair, muscle development, etc.).: testosterone
The antagonist hormone of glucagon is what?: insulin
Frederick Banting got the idea to ___ (tie off) the pancreatic ducts in dogs (allowing the acinar cells to degenerate), in order to isolate the antidiabetes factor of the Langerhans cells.: ligate
The endocrine portions of the pancreas are called what?: islets of Langerhans
Epinephrine is also known as ____, and norepinephrine is also known as ____.: adrenalin, noradrenalin
A more potent version of thyroxin (T4), this hormone is also secreted by the thyroid gland.: triiodothyronine
In this form of diabetes, the patient produces little or no insulin, and must be treated by daily injection of the hormone.: Type 1
This organ is predominantly an exocrine gland that secretes digestive enzymes, but it also contains tiny endocrine centers that secrete several protein hormones.: pancreas
Hormones can be either proteins, steroids, or ____.: amines
Steroid hormones have receptors in the ____ of the target cells, while protein/peptide/amine hormones have receptors in the ____ of the target cells.: cytoplasm, membranes
The ____ is a very vascular organ with two lobes (one on each side of the trachea, just below the larynx), which are connected by a narrow band of tissue called the ____.: thyroid, isthmus
Aside from tropic hormones, the anterior pituitary also secretes these two direct-acting hormones.: prolactin, growth hormone
Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates the ____ ____ in the ovary to secrete ____, which prepares the uterus for receiving the embryo.: corpus luteum, progesterone
This enzyme converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP).: adenylate cyclase
Thyroxin (T4), an amino acid altered with four iodine atoms, is also known as ____.: tetraiodothyronine
In females, ____ ____ stimulates the development of an ovum each month, while ____ ____ stimulates the ovary to release the developed ovum.: follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone
This hormone, secreted by the posterior pituitary, stimulates contraction of cells around ducts in mammary glands. It also stimulates uterine contractions during birth, alongside estrogen.: oxytocin
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is produced by this gland.: anterior pituitary
In 1869, this German doctoral student discovered that the pancreas was made of of two very different types of secretory cells: acinar cells and another group of cells clustered into islands.: Paul Langerhans
This hormone, released by the anterior pituitary, stimulates metabolism, increasing the rate at which carbohydrates are burned, and stimulating cells to break down proteins for energy. It also regulates general growth and development.: thyroid-stimulating hormone
An excess of thyroid hormone (____), may lead to ____ ____, which is characterized by goiter, weight loss with increased appetite, fatigue, "peau d'orange" skin on lower extremities, as well as ____, in which the eyeballs bulge from the sockets.: hyperthyroidism, Grave's disease, exophthalmia
This gland is stimulated by low calcium blood levels to produce and secrete PTH.: parathyroid gland
This cortical hormone conserves sodium ions as well as water in the body.: aldosterone
This hormone, secreted by the corpus luteum of the ovaries, stimulates uterine contractions during birth alongside oxytocin.: estrogen
Whereas most hormones are proteins, amines, or steroids, these hormones are structurally very different (they're fatty acids!).: prostaglandins
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the ____ ____ to secrete cortical hormones (glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids).: adrenal cortex
Although Oscar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering uncovered the function of the islets of Langerhans, all attempts to isolate the products of these cells proved unsuccessful unti this Canadian neurosurgeon got an idea for a research project after reading a paper describing an autopsy of a person.: Frederick Banting
The islets of Langerhans in the pancreas secretes this hormone, which increases the concentration of glucose in the blood.: glucagon
Together, ____ and ____ ligated the pancreatic duct, inducing the death of the acinar cells, and took the extract from the remaining (ligated, shrivelled) pancreas and injected into diabetic dogs, which temporarily alleviated their symptoms!: Banting, Best
During birth, both oxytocin and estrogen promote the contraction of uterine muscles, while ___ inhibits the contraction of uterine muscles.: progesterone
Although ____ are lipid-soluble, they don't diffuse through the plasma membrane, but instead, act on the cell-surface, through surface receptors.: prostaglandins
While a deficiency in these two hormones (released by the adrenal medulla) has no significant effects, an excess of these two hormones causes prolonged or continual sympathetic responses.: epinephrine, norepinephrine
These types of cells are structurally very similar to neurons, but are different from neurons in that instead of releasing neurotransmitters into synaptic clefts, they release hormones into the bloodstream.: neurosecretory cells
This thyroid hormone lowers the concentration of calcium in the blood, by decreasing calcium absorption by the kidneys and the intestines, and by decreasing osteoclast activity in bones.: calcitonin
The anterior pituitary releases these two gonadotropins, which stimulate the gonads.: follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone
Insulin shock describes the condition of ____, caused by an excess of insulin.: hypoglycemia

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