1228 test #1 2
Terms
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- What are the fluids located inside the cells called?
- intracellular
- What are the fluids located outside the cells?
- extracellular
- Extracellular fluid includes intravascular fluid which is ____, and there is 3 liters of fluid in this compartment and also interstitial fluid which is in between cells, bathes cells, and includes lymph.
- plasma
- This loss is what we can see it comes from the kidneys, intestinal tract, and skin
- sensible
- This is loss we can't see such as sweat and exhalation
- insensible
- The patients input should approximate their ______. should near to or around a 1-300 cc difference.
- output
- A fever would increase what type of loss?
- insensible loss
- Vascular volume ____ with hemorrhage.
- decreases
- Normal kidney output should be around ____ cc/ hour
- 30
- what four electrolytes have a positive charge?
- sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium
- what two electrolytes have a negative charge?
- chloride and phosphate
- What three electrolytes are located inside the cells(intracellular)?
- potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus
- What three electrolytes are located outside the cells (extracellular)?
- sodium, calciu, and chloride
- What is the normal range for sodium?
- 135-145 mEq/L
- What is the normal range for Potassium?
- 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
- What is the normal range for phosphorus?
- 2.7-4.5 mEq/L
- What is the normal range for Calcium?
- 8.5-10 mEq/L
- What is the normal range for magnesium?
- 1.5-2.5 mEq/L
- What electrolytes would you have problems with if you had cystic fibrosis?
- Sodium, potassium, and chloride
- What two things would you have problems with if you had emphysema?
- sodium and blood gases
- What would you have a problem with if you were on loop diuretics or digoxin?
- potassium
- 1 lb of weight = how much fluid?
- 500cc
- With fluid volume excess your pulse would be what?
- full and bounding
- With FVD your pulse would be what?
- weak and thready
- If you had sedative effects what two electrolytes would you look at?
- magnesium and Calcium
- If there was a problem with LOC what would you look at?
- Sodium
- This electrolyte's normal range is 135-145 mEq/L and assists with generation and transmission of nerve impulses and is an important part of the Na-K pump. If this is out of balance you would think neurological/brain problems. It maintains volume of body
- sodium
- When you excrete sodium you save what?
- potassium
- In the renin angeiotension system which is partially regulated by sodium, ECF decreased, renin produced by the kidneys then angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II then ____ is secreted and sodium and water is retained causing the vascular volume to
- aldosterone
- A cause of this would be more water than Na: vomitting, sweating, and only drinking water, D5W, burns. S/S think heat exhaustion: urine output increases; decreased specific gravity, nausea, abdominal cramps, HA, dry mucous membranes. To treat this you wo
- hyponatremia, more common than hyper
- causes hyperventilation, heat stroke, decrease in fluid intake, use of corticosteroids. BP can be either hyper or hypo. SALT: Skin is flush, specific gravity increases, agitation (tremors, weakness, restless, change in LOC), low grade fever, and thirst (
- hypernatremia
-
Normal level is 3.5-5.0mEq/L think heart!!!
Its function is to transmit nerve impulses and allows proper function of skeletal and cardiac muscle. - potassium
- The only way to get rid of excess K is through what?
- kidneys
- NG tube suctioning decreases potassium, irrigation with tap water would increase the loss of potassium so you should irrigate with what?
- normal saline
- Causes of this would be vomitting, NG suction, Diuretics (Lasix), not eating, alcoholism, steroid use. SUCTION: skeletal muscle weakness, U wave changes, constipation, toxicity of digitalis, irregular and weak pulse, orthostatic hypotension, numbness aro
- hypokalemia
- Causes of this would be kidney troubles, aldosterone secretion, excessive intake (blood transfussions) because K is inside the cells and when they are being infused they may break causing potassium to spill out. With S/S think muscles: heart, from mild t
- hyperkalemia
- normal level 2.7- 4.5 primarily lives in bones and teeth; inside the cell. Functions: promotes nerve and muscle action, present for nerves, RBCs and nervous system to function normally; assiste with metabolism of CHO, fats, proteins, helps us use vitamin
- phosporus
- Causes of this would be glucose and insulin administration, alcohol withdrawal, and diuretic use. S/S IMBIBING: irritability, malaise, bleeding, inflammation, bone or muscle pain, infection risk, numbness, and generalized weakness, dysphagia. To treat en
- hypophostemia
- Causes: chemo, renal failure, phosphate enemas large intake of Vitamin D, and when babies receive cow milk too soon. S/S: CHEMO: cardiac irregularities, hyperreflexia (Chvostek's and Trousseau's sign) eating poorly, muscle weakness, parethesia, and numbn
- hyperphosphatemia
- Normal: 1.8-2.7 mEq/L. It is excreted by the kidneys and its functions include: assisting in metabolism of CHO and proteins, maintains electrical activity in nerves and muscles, important for neuromuscular function. If it is out of balance think muscle p
- magnesium
- Causes of this are diarrhea, alcoholism, anorexia, and bulimia. S/S: STARVED: Seizures, tremors, twitching, tetany (laryngospasm), arrhythmias, rapid heart rate, vomitting, emotional lability, and deep tendon reflexes (monitor every 30 min). To treat adm
- hypomagnesaemia
- Causes are laxative use, renal failure, and hyperparathyroidism. S/S: RENAL: Reflexes decreased, EKG changes, N/V, appearance flushed (vasodilation), lethargy. Treat with calcium gluconate
- hypermagnesaemia
- Normal: 8.5- 10.5 mg/dl. found in teeth and in bones. Parathyroid pulls this from the bones, calcitonic keeps it in the bones, it has an inverse relationship with phosphorus, and you must have vitamin D to utilize it. It functions includes: nerve impulse
- calcium
- Causes of this would be hypoparathyroidism, radical neck, thyroidectomy, alcoholism, and parathyroid removal. S/S: muscles tone; chvostek's and trouseus sign, arrhythmias, deep tendon reflexes, mind changes, and swallowing difficulties. To treat: vitamin
- hypocalcemia
- Causes are hyperparathyroidism, thiazides, immobilization. S/S think sedative: kidney stones, deep tendon reflexes, muscle tone, LOC, change in vital signs. To treat administer fluids, phosphosoda, lasix, and ambulate. Must have calcium gluconate and tra
- hypercalcemia
- Normal 95-106. Function is Acid base balance. When sodium is retained so is this.
- chloride
- Causes: low salt intake, exclusive D5W, diuresis, prolonged N/V, diarrhea, NG suction, cystic fibrosis. S/S: agitation, irritability, hyperactive DTR, muscle cramps, tetany, weakness, and seizures, to treat IV chloride and K replacements, use NS not tap
- hypochloremia
- Causes increased intake of salt, metabolic acidosis, renal failure. S/S: weakness and lethargy; hypernatremia, Kussmaul's breathing, tachycardia, edema. Treatment: vital signs and safety considerations.
- hyperchloremia
- The serum sodium level reflects the ratio of ____ to water, not necessarily the loss or gain of sodium. Sodium imbalances are typically associated with imbalances in ECF volume.
- sodium
- As the plasma osmolality increase, the thirst center in the ____ is stimulated, and the individual seeks fluids.
- hypothalamus