Micro Basics
Terms
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- Steps of the Gram Stain
-
1. Crystal Violet Stain
2. Iodine
3. Wash with ETOH - removes DYE from Gram -
4. Safranin Counter Stain - Gram stain Which is red and which is blue
-
Gram + = Blue
Gram - = Red - First Layer outside PM
- Peptidoglycan Cell Wall
- Structure of PG
- Disac Back Bone with aa side chain
- PG Crosslinking Enzyme
- transpeptidase
- Transpeptidase location
- inner PM
- Inhibitor of Transpeptidase
- Penicillin
- Penicillin Binding Protein
- Transpeptidase
- Whose got more PG and cell wall
-
Gram Positive
_
+
- - Who Has Teichoic Acid
- Gram Positive
- Teichoic Acid
-
Major PolySac of Gram +.
Impt for Serological Determinations. Antigenic Marker - Immune Response to Teichoic Acid
- IL1 + TNF
- Outermost Layer of Gram +
- capsule - if present
- Unique to Bacteria PM
- NO CHOLESTEROL - except Mycoplasma
- 4 Layers of Gram - Wall
-
PM
Periplasmic Space
PG Layer
Outer Membrane - Periplasmic Space properties
- Hydrolytic enzymes, including B-Lactamases
- Murein Lipoprotein
- originates in PG layer and goes to OUter Membrane
- LPS - where is it found
- FOund in outer membrane of Gram -
- LPS Composition
-
Outer Carb - O- Anigen
Core PolySac
LIPID A - interior = Endotoxin - Porin
- Found in Outer Membrane
- Capsule - function
- Protects from Phagocytosis
- Is + or - more resistant to environmental Toxins
- Gram Neg - outer Membrane is protective, Thick PG layer is not
- Capsule Composition
- PolySac - excpet Bacillus Anthracis - D Glu
- Four Morph Forms of Bacteria
-
Cocci
Bacilli = rods
Spiral Forms
Pleomorophic - Name 6 Gram +
-
Staph, Strep
Bacillus, Clostridium
Corynebacterium, Listeria - One Gram + with Endotoxin
- Listeria
- Coccie +
-
Staph - clusters
Strep - strips - Spores forming + Bacilli
- Bacillus, Clostridium
- Gram - Diplococcie
- Neisseria
- Spiral Shaped
- Spirochetes (Treponema --> Syphilis)
- Peptidoglycan - Function
- Gives rigid support, protects against osmotic pressure
- Peptidoglycan
- Sugar backbone with crosslinked peptide side chains.
- MycoBacteria - stain
- Acid Fast
- Mycobacteria - cell wall
-
Mycolic Acid
Hi Lipid Content - Spirochetes - microsopic properties
-
Too small to be seen by LM
Use Darkfield - Mycoplasma - what gram is it
-
Neither Gram - or +
Only have PM - Antibiotic Resistance gene location
- Plasmid
- Ribosomes
-
50S and 30S
Corresponds to The Sed Rate - 3 Modes of Detoxing O2
-
Catalase
Peroxidase
SuperOxide Dismutase - Catalse
- H2O2 --> H20
- Peroxidase
- breaks down peroxide
- SOD
- O2 radicals --> Peroxide
- Obligate Intracellular Parasites
-
Chlamidia
Ricketsia - Silver Stain
- Legionella
- Obligate Aerobes - features
- Use Krebs cycle and TCA
- Obligate Aerobes - Gram Pos
-
Nocardia*
Bacillus Cereus - Obligate Aerobes - Gram Neg
-
Pseudomonas*
Legionella
Neisseria
Bordetella - Obligate Aerobes - misc
-
Mycobacterium TB
Prediletion for Apices of Lungs - Obligate Aerobes - Acronym
-
Nagy Pests Must Breate
Nocardia, - sort of acid fast
Pseudomonas, - Intracellular
Mycobacter, - AF and IC
Bacillus Cereus - Serious about air - Facultatie Anaeroebs - what do they do
- Theyre Aerobic Excpet when theres on O2
- Facultatie Anaerobes - Gram +
- Staph, Bacillus anthracis, Corynebacter, Listeria, Actinomyces
- What are most Gram Neg
- Facultative Anaerobes
- Micraerophilic Definiton
- Anaeroibic but have some antiO2 mechanisms - (no Catalase)
- Microaerophilic Bugs
-
Strep
Spirochetes
Campylobacter - Obligate Anaerobes
-
Clostridium
Bacteroides - Obligate Anaerobes - features
-
Foul Smelling (SCFA)
Produce Gas
Aminoglycasides ineffective (require O2 to enter Bug) - Intracellular Bugs List - Obligate
- Ricketsia, Chlamydia (Really Cold)
- Intracellular Bugs List - Facultatie
- Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacter, Listeria, Fracisella, Legionella, Yesinia