Bac-T

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Characteristics of Nocardia: Gram +, branching rods
Aerobic
Slow growing
Star-shaped colonies
Important species of Nocardia: N. asteroides
N. brasiliensis
N. otitidis-caviarum
Sources of Nocardia: normally present in soil
Transmission of Nocardia: Wound contamination
Inhalation
Ingestion
Fomites
Virulence factors of Nocardia: Thick peptidoglycan layer
Mycolic acid, nocardial lipid & superoxide dismutase production
Clinical signs of Nocardial infection in dogs/cats: Pyogranuloma w/ draining tract
pyrexia
coughing
emaciation
Lesions caused by Nocardial infection in dogs/cats: Necrotizing pneumonia
pleural effusion
pyothorax
osteomyelitis
encephalitis
Clinical signs of Nocardial infections in Bo/Sw: Masitis
Abortion
Lesions of Nocardial infection in Bo/Sw: Purulent granulomas
nodules, non-encapsulated
Immunity against Nocardia: CMI most important
Diagnosis of Nocardia infection: I&I
Gram, modified Ziehl-neelsen stain
Rule outs of Nocardial infection: Actinomycosis
blastomycosis
Treatment of Nocardial infections: Sulfonamides
Ampicillin
Cull animals w/ nocardial mastitis , b/c no effective treatment
Penicillin doesn't work
Characteristics of Dermatophilus: Gram + filamentous rods
forms zoospores
commensal/obligate skin parasite
Zoospore formation by Dermatophilus: Occurs when infected skin becomes wet, CO2 tension increases. Motile zoospores penetrate deeper into skin
Transmission of Dermatophilus: Direct contact
insects
fomites
Cycle of dermatophilus lesions: infection causes inflammation & serous exudate, new layers of epidermis form & cycle restarts.
Important species of Dermatophilus: D. congolensis
Diseases in LA caused by Dermatophilus: Cutaneous streptothricosis
exudative dermatitis
(rain rot/scald)
Diseases in sheep caused by Dermatophilus: Strawberry foot
Proliferative dermatitis
lumpy wool disease
Immunity against Dermatophilus: Humoral & CMI both involved
No vaccines available
Delayed hypersensitivity seen
Lesions caused by Dermatophilus infection: Paintbrush lesions
Diagnosis of Dermatophilus infection: Smear & gram stain of scab
-Railroad tract appearance
I&I, incubation in candle jar=lower CO2 tension
Treatment of Dermatophilus infection: Remove scabs-treat locally w/iodine/copper sulfate
Penicillin & streptomycin in 1, large dose
Prevention of Dermatophilus infection: provide housing out of the rain & away from thorns
Characteristics of Rhodococcus: Gram + coccobacillus
Sources of Rhodococcus: Normally in soil
Important species of Rhodococcus: R. equi
Species affected by Rhodococcus: horses, pigs, cattle
Resistance of Rhodococcus: resistant to oxalic acid & H2SO4
Transmission of R equi: inhalation
Diseases caused by R equi: Bronchopneumonia & colitis in foals 2-6 months old
60-80% mortality rate
lesions of R equi in foals: purulent, bilateral bronchopneumonia
Lymphadenitis (in mesenteric nodes
Ulcerative enteritis
Virulence attributes of R equi: Thick polysaccharide capsule
Facultative intracellular parasite
Pili (for colonization)
Plasmid that produces VapA-virulence associated protein
Immunity against R equi: CMI most important (intracellular parasites)
Antibodies (from colostrum) are protective
Diagnosis of R equi infection: I&I
History & signs
Rule outs for R equi diagnosis: Strangles (S. equi)
Treatment of R equi infection: Antimicrobial therapy indicated by antibiogram, for 3-4 weeks
(erythromycin & rifampin, often best, gentamicin or erythromycin may also work)
Characteristics of Mycobacterium: Gram + bacillus
aerobic
non-motile
very slow growth in culture
Resistance of Mycobacterium: resistant to many disinfectants: NaOH & HCL
suseptible to phenolics
Virulence factors of Mycobacterium: Can survive & replicate in macrophages
Cord factor
Sulfatides
Superoxide dismutase
Mycobactins & exochalins
Sulfolipids
Role of cord factor in Mycobacterium virulence: inhibits chemotaxis
leukotoxic
Role of sulfatides in Mycobacterium virulence: (glycolipids)
MAY inhibit phagolysozome formation
Role of mycobactins & exochalins in Mycobacterium virulence: effective in iron acquisition
Role of sulfolipids in Mycobacterium virulence: prevent phagolysosomal fusion
Immunity against Mycobacterium: CMI most important
circulating antibodies-don't protect, but may help bacteria indentify host
Factors predisposing to Mycobacterium infection: Stress
crowding
genetics
Source of Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium) infection: via inhalation
ingestion
wound infection
congenitally:rare
Diseases caused by Mycobacterium: Tuberculosis
Johne's Disease
Cause of Johne's Disease: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
Control of mycobacterium: test & slaughter
disinfect premises
-Cresylic compounds
-Orthophenylphenate
Species that get Johne's Disease: Cattle
Sheep
Goats
Llamas
Usually affects younger animals 2-3yo
Transmission of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: ingestion of contaminated feed/water
Characteristics of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: exist around the world
can survive months in soil (both acidic & alkali)
Very long incubation period (years)
Lesions of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: Thickened/sclerotic intestinal wall
Associated lympn node enlargement
Clinical signs of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: Unthriftiness/emaciation
Chronic, persistent diarrhea
Muscle atrophy
Diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: history & signs
acid-fast stain of fecal smear
Rectal scraping/biopsy
large clumps of intracellular bacilli
I&I
DNA probes
Immunity against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: CMI more important (intracellular) than humoral
Control of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: Test & slaughter
Adults (possible carriers) to slaughter only
replacements from Johne's free farms
AI from Johne's negative bulls
Characteristics of Brucella: Gram negative coccobacillus
Aerobic
Facultative intracellular parasite
Important species of Brucella: B. abortus
B. canis
B. melitensis
B. suis
B. ovis
Brucella species affecting Cattle: B. abortus
-B. melitensis
-B. suis
Brucella species affecting horses: B. abortus
-B. suis
Brucella species affecting dogs: B. canis
-B. abortus
-B. melitinsis
-B. suis
Brucella species affecting sheep & goats: B. melitensis
(B. ovis also in sheep)
-B. abortus
Transmission of B. abortus: Ingestion
Venereal
Intramammary/congenital
Pathogenesis of B. abortus: Once bacteria penetrate mucus membranes, they are engulfed by phagocytes, reproduce & leave, causing bacteremia-disseminate throughout the body
Diseases caused by B. abortus: Abortion, usually only occurs in first pregnancy after infection
Signs of B. abortus: Thickened placenta (causing retention)
edematous fetus (blood tinged fluid in body cavities)
Immunity against B. abortus: CMI most important
Humoral doesn't do much
Diagnosis of B. abortus infection: Agglutination test-IgM & IgG
Card/Rose Bengal test
Rivanol/mercaptoethanol test
ELISA test
Fluorescence polarization assay
Agglutination test for B. abortus infection: test for IgM & IgG for screening purposes only
affected by vaccination, ongoing infection
Card/Rose Bengal test for B. abortus infection: Test for IgM
Fast & very sensitive
few false negatives
Rivanol/mercaptoethanol tests for B. abortus infection: Prescribed test for international trade
Can distinguish between vaccine and infection
ELISA test for B. abortus infection: Test for international trade
Very sensitive & specific
Fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) for B. abortus infection: Easy & sensitive, can be used in the field
stain 50kD antigens & read with polarization analyzer
has to be calibrated with USDA
Vaccinations for B. abortus: RB51
Strain 19
McEwen 45/20
RB51: Attenuated live virus
(no LPS)
must vaccinate 4-12 months old
provides 85-90% protection
easy to differentiate from infective strains
Strain 19: Viable smooth strain
still mildly pathogenic, can also cause abortions
must vaccinate 4-12 months old
provides 65-70% protection
McEwen 45/20: Inactivated, adjevanated rough strain
requires 2 doses 6-12 weeks apart
Treatment of B. abortus infection: No treatment available, b/c intracellular parasite
Transmission of B. canis: Ingestion-#1
venereal-infected males shed intermittently
Diseases caused by B. canis: Abortion in last trimester
lymphadenitis & splenitis
infertility
Sick/stillborn puppies
Epididymitis
testicular atrophy
Immunity against B. canis: CMI protective
Humoral response greatest during bacteremia stage of infection
Diagnosis of B. canis infection: signs
culture of blood, bone marrow or lymph nodes
serologic tests
Serologic tests for confirming B. canis infection: immunodiffusion-best
Card
Agglutination
mercaptoethanol
complement fixation
false positives possible, titers difficult to interpret
Vaccination against B. canis: NONE available
Treatment of B. canis: Euthanasia of infected animals-best
neuter and long term antibiotic therapy (streptomycin, aminoglycosides, doxycycline)
Importance of B. melitensis: a potential biowarfare agent
BSL3 agent
No human vaccines available, & very low doses are infective
Species affected by B. melitensis: Mainly sheep & goats
less common cattle pigs, dogs, humans
Transmission of B. melitensis: Ingestion of contaminated food, water or milk
Diseases caused by B. melitensis infection: Late term abortion
lameness
mastitis
orchitis
Immunity against B. melitensis: Protective immunity develops after vaccine or infection, will eventually clear infection
Diagnosis of B. melitensis infection: Signs
Direct culture
Serologic tests
Vaccinations against B. melitensis: Strain Rev 1
Strain 53H38
Strain Rev 1: a live avirulent strain that reduces abortions and reduces shedding of B. melitensis by infected animals
Strain 53H38: An inactivated strain
causes greater antibody response than strain Rev 1
Transmission of B. suis: Ingestion of contaminated feed/water
Diseases caused by B. suis infection: abortion
metritis
spondylitis
lameness
paralysis
Immunity against B. suis: CMI=most important short-lived, will get sick again if exposed after infection has been cleared, but abortions don't reoccur
Diagnosis of B. suis infection: signs
direct culture
agglutination test-though not that effective
Vaccination against B. suis: NO vaccines available
Control of B. suis: eradicate entire infected herd
B. suis free herds for replacement stock
Transmission of B. ovis: probably venereal
Diseases caused by B. ovis: Epididymitis
Abortion
Immunity against B. ovis: CMI most important
Diagnosis of B. ovis: Clinical signs
Culture of semen
Serologic tests
Vaccination for B. ovis: B. melitensis Rev 1 vaccine
"autogenous saline in oil adjuvant bacterins"
Zoonotic potential of Brucella: B. melitensis greatest threat
B. suis>B. abortus>B. canis
Highly infectious
Treatment of Brucella in humans: Tetracyclines
Rifampicin
Gentamycin
used in combination therapies
Characteristics of Campylobacter: Gram negative
curved rods
motile
Microaerophilic
Important species of Campylobacter: C. fetus subspecies fetus
C. fetus subspecies venerealis
C. jejuni
Transmission of C. fetus subspecies fetus: Ingestion
Species affected by C. fetus subspecies fetus: Sheep
Cattle(rare)
human (rare)
Diseases caused by C. fetus subspecies fetus infection: Abortion
Placentitis
Metritis
Sources of C. fetus subspecies fetus: assymptomatic carriers
birds
Virulence of C. fetus subspecies fetus: S-layer protien antigens=block antibody/complement binding
O antigens-LPS
Diagnosis of C. fetus subspecies fetus infection: I&I
fluorescent antibody staining
Lesions caused by C. fetus subspecies fetus infection: Placental edema
fetal hepatic necrosis
bloody fetal body fluids
Immunity against C. fetus subspecies fetus: IgA, IgG & IgM all protective
Vaccination against C. fetus subspecies fetus: Have serotype specific vaccines
Must include both S-layer protein antigens (1 & 5)
Characteristics of C. fetus subspecies venerealis: Obligate parasite of bovine genital tract
Transmission of C. fetus subspecies venerealis: venereal
young bulls transient carriers
old bulls permanent carriers
Pathogenesis of C. fetus subspecies venerealis: Infection passed from bull
ascends female genital tract
Diseases caused by C. fetus subspecies venerealis infection: "bovine genital campylobacteriosis"
endometritis soon after breeding
decreased conception rate
Abortion/neonatal death
Virulence of C. fetus subspecies venerealis: S-layer-
block antibody & complement binding
Can vary antigens as host adjusts
Immunity against C. fetus subspecies venerealis: antibodies against O-antigen (LPS)
antibodies against S-layer, have to catch up with changing bacterial antigens
Prevention of C. fetus subspecies venerealis infection: vaccination
Artificial insemination
Diagnosis of C. fetus subspecies venerealis infection: I&I (in decreased O2)
Fluorescent antibody staining
PCR/DNA probes
Characteristics of C. jejuni/C. coli: normally present in intestinal tracts
Highly infectious
Diseases caused by C. jejuni/C. coli: Enteritis
(mastitis, abortion)
Signs of C. jejuni/C. coli infection: Bloody feces
fever
abdominal pain
Treatment of Campylobacter infection: usually not treated=usually selflimiting
Supportive care
Erythromycin, tetracyclines
Control of Campylobacter: meticulous hygiene
Cull carriers
Importance of C. upsaliensis: in dogs &cats
may be zoonotic
Cytolethal Distending Toxin (CDT)
Public health concerns of Campylobacter: Highly infectious
zoonotic potential
major cause of infectious food poisoning
Diseases caused by Helicobacter infection: gastritis
enteritis
ulcers
Many dogs, cats, & people
Treatment of Helicobacter infection: Bismuth sub salicylate (pepto) + metronidazole + tetracycline/amoxicillin
Signs of Helicobacter infection: Vomiting
diarrhea
weight loss
abdominal pain
Important species of Helicobacter: H. hepaticus & H. bilis
only pathogenic species cause hepatitis
Characteristics of Arcobacter: microaerophilic
motile
slow growth in culture
Important species of Arcobacter: A. cryaerophilus
A. butsleri
A. skirrowii
Diseases caused by Arcobacter: Enteritis
abortion
mastitis
Identification of Arcobacter: PCR
rDNA sequence
Must differentiate from Campylobacter
Characteristics of Lawsonia intracellularis: obligate intracellular parasite
only cultured in cell cultures
Diseases caused by Lawsonia intracellularis: Proliferative intestinal enteropathy
affects young pigs
Signs of Lawsonia intracellularis infection: Acute hemorrhagic entropathy & diarrhea
Chronic mild diarrhea=reduced growth
Diagnosis of Lawsonia intracellularis infection: I&I-cell culture
Fluorescent antibody assay
histopathy of intestines
ELISA
Control of Lawsonia intracellularis: Screen replacement animal
Vaccine-live attenuated
Antibiotics in feed
Characteristics of Leptospira infection: Gram negative spirochete
wound around axial filament
strict aerobe
Taxonomic groups of Leptospira: L. interrogans-pathogenic
L. biflexa-non-pathogenic
Sources of Leptospira: Will survive in nephric tubules until excreted into environment
Virulence of Leptospira: no one knows
LPS
Sphingomyelinase-hemolysin
cytotoxins
Diseases caused by Leptospira: Abortion
infertility
agalactia
hemoglobinuria
hemorrhagic/chronic icterus/uremia in dogs
Signs of Leptospira infection: fever
inappetence
malaise
headache
Pathogenesis of Leptospira: enter through wound 1-10 cells infective
Enter tissues
Begin replicating in liver-spread to lungs, brains & kidneys
Transmission of Leptospira: Wound contamination
Transplacental
milk
Semen
Immunity against Leptospira: Humoral Immunity important
LPS antibodies protective
Serovar specific antibodies-protect against one, but not others with consequental infection
Control of Leptospira: Multivalent bacterin vaccines-against locally prevalent serovars
bi-annually in pigs
annually in cattle
Diagnosis of Leptospira infection: Microscopic agglutination test (MAT)
Microtiter agglutination
ELISA
IHA
Darkfield microscopy of urine
I&I
Fluorescent antibody staining
Treatment of Leptospira infection: Penicillin G
Ampicillin
Streptomycin
Bacterin + antibiotics effective in outbreaks
Zoonotic potential of Leptospira: Weil's Disease
often from swimming in contaminated waters
Weil's Disease: Human Leptospira infection
Acutely febrile
jaundice
pulmonary distress
nephritis
death
Important genera of Spirochetales: Treponema
Borrelia
Brachyspira
Leptospira
Characteristics of the Spirochetales: Gram Negative (don't stain well)
Motile
Divide by transverse fission
Axial filament
Characteristics of Treponema: Gram Negative
Motile
Anaerobic
Important species of Treponema: T. brennaborense
T. paraluis-cuniculi
Disease caused by T. brennaborense: bovine papillomatous digital dermatitis
(Heel warts) in dairy cows
Lesions of T. brennaborense infection: moist, painful, strawberry lesions on skin
chronic raised wart-like lesion
resulting lameness
Control of T. brennaborense: Bacterin vaccine given every 6 months
Diagnosis of T. brennaborense: Signs
histopathology
Treatment of T. brennaborense infection: debridement
topical antibiotics (penicillin)
Diseases of T. paraluis-cuniculi: rabbit syphilis
Lesions of T. paraluis-cuniculi infection: vesicles/scabs on prepuce, vagina, perianal region
Diagnosis of T. paraluis-cuniculi infection: Darkfield microscopy
Treatment of T. paraluis-cuniculi infection: Penicillin
May cause a transient endotoxemia-from lysed gram - cells
Characteristics of Borrelia: Loosely coiled
microaerophilic
slow growth
Very motile
Important species of Borrelia: B. burgdorferi
B. theileri
B. anserina
B. coriaceae
B. vincenti
Disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi infection: Lyme disease
Characteristics of Borrelia burgdorferi: aerobic
fastidious=difficult to culture
low #'s to cause disease
Transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi infection: Ixodes ticks are vectors
rodents are reservoir host
Pathogenesis of Borrelia burgdorferi: usually spring/fall
LPS causes inflammatory response
interleukin-1 causes fever, rash
Virulence of Borrelia burgdorferi: LPS
IL-1
can phase shift surface antigens to avoid host response
Species affected by Borrelia burgdorferi: Horses
Dogs
Cattle
Humans
Borrelia burgdorferi infection in horses: Fever, arthritis, cranky, back pain
may be passed to foals in utero & via milk
may be asymptomatic
Borrelia burgdorferi infection in dogs: Fever, inappetence, lethargy, sudden transient lameness w/ joint pain
CNS infection
May be asymptomatic
Borrelia burgdorferi infection in cattle: In utero infections may pass to calf causing fetal death
Progression of Borrelia burgdorferi infection: days-weeks=rash around bite
weeks-months=becomes systemic
-onset of clinical signs
years=arthritis, neurologic
Immunity against Borrelia burgdorferi: humoral
antibodies & complement kill bacteria
Diagnosis of Borrelia burgdorferi infection: Signs & history
Direct staining of tissue/blood
I&I
PCR
IFA
ELISA
Treatment of Borrelia burgdorferi infection: tetracycline/amoxicillin for 10-14 days
Control of Borrelia burgdorferi: prevent exposure to ticks
vaccination-subunit vaccines

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