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Tb test is which type of hypersensitivity reaction?: Type IV (delayed)
describe type II hypersensitivity: Ab coats a target so that cells with Fc receptors (PMNs, monos, etc.)
ADCC falls into what type of hypersensitivity reaction?: Type II
this type of hypersensitivity is due to circulting Ab-Ag complexes: Type III
what is ELEK?: test for toxin production for C. diptheriae
two ways to diagnose Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis: India ink and latex agglutination test for Ag
this bug grows near S. aureus on blood agar: H. influenzae
use of Thayer-Martin agar: grows Neisseria from locations that have normal flora (i.e. genital tract)
diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis: growth of N. meningitis from CSF on chocolate agar
owl's eye inclusions in the urine: CMV infection
C. neoformans: urease (+) or (-)?: urease positive
acute mastitis is associated with what life change? What bug?: breast feeding, S. aureus
chronic mastitis is associated with what life change? What bug?: perimenopause; no bugs (it is sterile, due to inspissated mucus)
pernicious anemia is associated with what HLA type?: DR5
Chaga's disease is associated with ⬦: megacolon, megaesophagus, and dilated cardiomyopathy
a positive tuberculin skin test means that ⬦: a cell-mediated immune response has occurred (no Ab required!)
what does P. aeruginosa exotoxin A do?: ADP-ribosylates (inhibits) EF-2, a GTP binding protein involved in protein synthesis
what does pertussis toxin do?: ADP-ribosylates (inhibits) GTP-binding protein that inhibits adenylate cyclase, resulting in â†‘cAMP (turns the "off" off)
what does cholera toxin do?: ADP-ribosylates (activates) GTP-binding protein that stimulates adenylate cyclase, resulting in â†‘cAMP (turns the "on" on)
etiologic agent that may be involved in membranous GN: Hep B
multiple episodes of Neisseria meningitis suggests what immunologic defect?: C6, C7, C8
cell-surface markers for B cells: CD19, CD20, and CD21
cell-surface markers for T cells: CD3 (along with CD4 or CD8)
cell-surface markers for NK cells: CD56
two GU bugs that induce endocytosis: Neisseria and Chlamydia
most likely bug to cause an epidemic of pediatric diarrhea: Y. enterocolitica
ss + RNA virus that causes diarrhea and may have serious neurologic sequellae: polio
what is the form of malaria that enters the body through the mosquito bite?: sporozoite
schizontes live where?: liver cells
1/3 of those with malaria will have what very severe sequellae?: acute renal failure
describe blackwater fever: hemolysis leading to black urine and renal damage (due to malaria)
rheumatoid arthritis is what type of hypersensitivity reaction?: Type II
asthma and urticaria are examples of what type of hypersensitivity reaction?: Type I
SLE and vasculitides are examples of what type of hypersensitivity reaction?: Type III
most common parasitic infxn in the US: cysticercosis
condyloma is caused by what virus?: HPV
most common bug in acute bacterial prostatitis: E. Coli
how does cholera do its dirty work?: activates adenylate cyclase
paternity testing is based on ⬦: genetic allotypes
definition of isotypes: IgE, IgM, IgD, etc.
the crystalline core of eosinophils is composed of ⬦: major basic protein
catalase +, gram + cocci that grows well on mannitol salt agar: S. aureus
what type of vaccination do we give for measles?: live virus (kids > 15 mo of age)
cells that express BOTH CD4 and CD8 are ____ _____: immature T cells
painful ulceration on the penis is most likely caused by ⬦: H. ducreyi (chancroid)
microscopic findings in chancroid: pleomorphic rods in "school of fish" pattern
polyarteritis nodosa is associated with what viral infection?: Hep B
how does a superantigen work its magic?: binds TCR variable region to MHC Class II to induce massive T cell activation
the name of the specific anti-treponemal test: FTA-ABS
what agar is used to grow Legionella?: buffered charcoal yeast extract
name some reportable infectious diseases: MMR, AIDS, gonorrhea, Salmonella, Shigella, syphilis, TB, chickenpox, Hep A and B
triad of Wiscott-Aldrich syndrome: eczema, thrombocytopenia, and repeated infections
patients with Wiscott-Aldrich are at increased risk for what cancer?: NHL
spirochete with "Shephard's Crook" appearance: Leptospira
gram stain and shape of Brucella: gram (-) cocci
what type of sensitivity: wheal and flare reactions?: Type I
what type of sensitivity: berylliosis?: Type IV (delayed)
what type of sensitivity: Graves' disease?: Type II
patient with chronic cough + tiny yeast in lungs: Histo
stain used for fungi: silver stain
another name for the acid-fast stain: Ziehl-Neeson stain
catalase (-), coagulase (-), optochin sensitive gram (+) cocci w/ greenish discoloration on blood agar: S. pneumo
sequence of events in the maturation of a B cell: heavy chain gene rearrangement > cytoplasmic mu chains > light chain gene rearrangement > IgM on surface > IgG & IgM on surface
contaminated swimming pools often transmit what virus?: adenovirus
major cause of diarrhea in kids under age 2: rotavirus
NADPH oxidase produces ⬦: superoxide anions
myeloperoxidase produces ⬦: H2O2 >>> HOCl
caused of upper lobe pneumonia with cavitation: K. pneumo
type of pneumonia associated with artificial ventilation: P. aeruginosa
mechanism of action of cycloheximide: inhibits eukaryotic protein synthesis
primary opsonin in the C' system: C3b
the electron transport system of bacteria is located in the ⬦: bacterial plasma membrane
bacterial endocarditis in IV drug users is usually due to ⬦: S. aureus
RBC-sized lung organisms that stain spherical or ovoid-shaped with silver stains: PCP
chronic antral gastritis is associated with ⬦: H. pylori
in dxing a UTI, you find that the nitrate dipstick is negative. What's the bug?: Enterococcus (gut streptococci)
nitrate dipstick is positive for what bugs?: all the gram (-) enterics - E. Coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas
hepatitis type which is very dangerous in pregnant women: Hep E
before mast cells can degraunulate due to allergen exposure and cause a type I hypersensitivity reaction, what must occur?: sensitization - processing of Ag by APCs, production of IL4 by Th2 cells causing B cells to switch from IgM to IgE, IgE binds to surface of mast cells
what is the bug that carries and perpetuates Lyme disease?: Ixodes tick
most prevalent form of mycobacterium disease in AIDS patients: TB
levels of IgM in common variable immunodeficiency: all Ig low (lack of plasma cells)
the numbers of B cells in common variable immunodeficiency are ⬦: normal
the numbers of B cells in Bruton's agammaglobulinemia are ⬦: low
the most common presentation for G6PD hemolysis in Africa is ⬦: a child who has just eaten beans
in the body, where can Histo be found?: intracellularly (not passed between people)
stain used for PCP: silver stain
four bugs that take advantage of people with chronic granulomatous dz: S. Aureus, S. Aspergillus, Nocardia, Salmonella (all are phagocytosed and not killed)
lack of C5 causes a susceptibility to what bug?: Neisseria
defective chemotactic response predisposes to what type of infection?: bacterial
the first three factors involved in the classical C' pathway: C1, C4, C2
acute epidydimitis with orchitis is most often caused by ⬦: N. gonorrhoeae
at-risk individuals for PCP include AIDS patients and ⬦: premature infants
Chlamydia must live intracellularly because ⬦: it cannot make its own ATP
S. aureus is a common pathogen of what part of the body?: nasopharynx
When B cells undergo isotype switching, they require these two things: IL-4, and interaction with T cells (CD40 on the B cell interacts with CD40L on the T cell
state the levels of IgG in hyper-IgM syndrome: IgM high, eveything else low
defect in hyper-IgM syndrome: CD40L on T cells causes B cells to fail to undergo isotype switching
a defect in IL-2 secretion puts patients at risk for what type of bugs?: intracellular
the RNA virus "exception" that replicates in the nucleus: orthomyxo (influenza)
the DNA virus "exception" that replicates in the cytoplasm: pox
the triad of cutaneous hemorrhage, periventricular calcifications, and deafness suggests which of the TORCHES?: CMV infection
most common cause of chronic meningitis: TB
deficiency of what C' tends to produce an SLE-like syndrome?: C4
The Ig profile for common variable immunodeficiency and X-linked agammaglobulinemia: low IgM, IgG, IgA
through where does N. fowleri enter the brain?: through the cribriform plate
during which phase of bacterial growth do spores form?: stationary phase
transmission of Wiscott-Aldrich: X-linked
a T lymphocyte with low affinity for MHC Class I turns into a ⬦: CD8+ Tc lymphocyte
a T lymphocyte with low affinity for MHC Class II turns into a ⬦: CD4+ Th lymphocyte
gram (-) septic shock is mediated by what part of the gram (-) membrane?: Lipid A
the vaginas of prepubertal girls and postmenopausal women is colonized by ⬦: bugs of the skin (e.g. Staph)
the vaginas of women of child-bearing age are colonized by ⬦: lactobacillus, candida, and Strep
gastric cancer has been linked to what bug?: H. pylori
population of cells responsible for DTH reaction: CD4+ T cells
where does HSV2 hang out during the asx times of the disease?: sacral ganglia
patients with Lyme arthritis commonly have what HLA association?: HLA-DR4
the bugs that undergo natural transformation: Haemophilus, Neisseria, Step, Helicobacter
virus associated with polyarteritis nodosa: Hep B
what type of hypersensitivity is poison ivy exposure?: DTH (Type IV)
name some type III hypersensitivity reactions: SLE, glomerulonephritis
how to differentate common variable immunodeficiency from X-linked agammaglobulinemia: in CVI, the B cell count is normal
at what age does common variable immunodeficiency often present?: 2nd-3rd decades
when does ADA deficiency commonly present?: early in life
the infectious form of Crypto: encapsulated budding yeasts (it is a monomorphic fungus)
transmission form of Histo: septate hyphae with micro- and macroconidia
type of streptococcus which can cause rash on palms and soles: S. moniliformis ("rat-bite fever")
Ig used in the response against encapsulated bacteria: IgG (especially subclass 2)
loss of MHC Class I expression would make cells invincible to killying by what type of T lymphocyte?: CD8+ Tc lymphocyte
what is beta-2-microglobulin?: a signalling molecule of MHC I
transmembrane protein of HIV: Gp41
surface protein of HIV which may bind Ab: Gp120
outer membranes exist in gram (-/+) bacteria: -
toxin which ADP-ribosylates the Gs protein to permanently turn it on: cholera toxin
toxin which ADP-riboxylates the Gi protein to permanently turn it off: pertussis toxin
Blasto infection is acquired by ⬦: inhalation of spores
live virus vaccines: MMR, sabin polio, yellow fever
killed virus vaccines: salk polio, rabies, rotavirus, flu, HepA/B
what blood component works in concert with Ab to clear encapsulated bacteria?: C'
ADCC is used against what type of cell?: host cell (not bacteria!)
what is a reagin?: an immunogen that stimulates an IgE response
the immunogen in quinine-mediated hemolysis: RBC+quinine (not just quinine because it cannot elicit a response by itself, which is the definition of an immunogen)
where do superAg bind?: invariant region of beta chain of TCR and MHC Class II molecules of APCs
psoas abscess ("cold abscess") is associated with what bug?: TB (tuberculous osteomyelitis)
what mechanism allows a B cell to express both IgD and IgM?: alternative mRNA splicing
toxic metabolite that causes problems in SCID: deoxyadenosine
which type of virus, in its infective form, can be diretly translated?: ss (+) RNA
how is Lyme diagnosed in the lab?: look for IgG or IgM Ab
acid-fast bugs that cause diarrhea in the immunocompromised: Cryptosporidium and Isospora
what does a "western blot for HIV" actually look for?: Ab to HIV Ag
B7 on an APC interacts with ___ on a T cell: CD28
a genetic deficiency in ___ confers immunity to macrophage-tropic HIV: CCR5, a chemokine receptor required for the entry of HIV into CD4 T cells
ringworm of the hair and scalp transmitted by cats and dogs: Microsporum canis
most common cause of keratoconjunctivitis: adenovirus
type of cell that produces IL-2 and IFN-g: Th1 cells
type of cell that produces IL-1 and TNF-g: macrophage
type of cell that secretes IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10: Th2 cells
most common route of transmission of C. jejuni: poultry
a defect in NADPH oxidase causes ⬦: chronic granulomatous disease
turns off the Gi protein via ADP-ribosylation: B. pertussis
do Th2 cells recognize carrier or hapten in a vaccine?: carrier
Graft-vs-host disease is mediated by ⬦: CD8 Tc from the graft attacking the host
pathogenicity of Giardia is mediated by ⬦: ventral sucking disc
germ tube formation is used to identify ⬦: C. albicans
the RPR test is used for ⬦: detection of T. pallidum antibody
how do we visualize T. pallidum?: immunoflourescence staining (has replaced darkfield microscopy)
three important genera of acid-fast organisms: Nocardia, Mycobacteria, Cryptosporidium
organisms that are not acid-fast stain ___ with acid-fast stain: blue
the HIV pol gene codes for ⬦.: RT and integrase
how does the P. aeruginosa exotoxin work?: like diptheria toxin - ADP-ribosylates EF-2
bullous pemphigoid is a Type ___ hypersensitivity reaction: II
RA is a Type ___ hypersensitivity reaction: III
ABO incompatibility is a Type ___ hypersensitivity reaction: II
Myasthenia gravis is a Type ___ hypersensitivity reaction: II
serum sickness is a Type ___ hypersensitivity reaction: III
erythema chronicum migrans usually affects what part of the body?: groin, axilla, thigh
the toxin of P. aeruginosa is most similar to what other toxin?: Diphtheria
what is the mechanism of diphtheria and pseudomonas toxins?: ADP-ribosylate EF-2
what differentiates pseudomonas and diphtheria toxins?: pseudomonas works in the liver, and diphtheria works on nerves and heart
patient living in the southwest who develops ARDS and dies: hantavirus
animal that spreads hantavirus: deer mouse
describe a patient with SSPE: ataxic, optic atrophy, oligoclonal bands on tap, cerebral atrophy, early death
two most important chemotactic factors for neutrophils: IL-8 and C5a
why are patients continually susceptible to reinfection with N. gonorrheae?: changes in its antigenic coat
to determine the strain of S. aureus, what lab test should be done?: bacteriophage sensitivity
a rash on hands and feet indicates ⬦: tertiary syphilis, RMSF, or Coxsackie
stain used to diagnose PCP: silver stain
a patient with Y. enterocolitica that secondarily develops arthritis has which type of hypersensitivity reaction?: Type III
to what type of disease is a patient with Bruton's susceptible to?: bacterial
cause of pinkeye: S. pneumo
common cause of neonatal meningitis; present in mom's flora: Listeria
make the dx: small intracellular yeast growing at RT as a mold, has hyphae with micro and macro-conidia: histo
AIDS patient with multiple visual field deficits and decreased visual acuity - bug?: CMV infection
underlying mechanism responsible for hypersensitivity to penicillin: Ab against drug bound to RBC surface
abrupt loss of resistance to an abx in a bacteria is due to ⬦: loss of a plasmid
the swelling of a bee sting is due to ⬦: local vasodilation
immunization induces the proliferation of which type of T cell?: Th cell
S. pyogenes is differentiated from the other types of beta-hemolytic strep by its sensitivity to ⬦: bacitracin
CMV is most often seen in the ⬦: immunocompromised
blood components involved in the Arthus reaction: preformed Ab and C'
when does an Arthus rxn occur?: reimmunization (e.g. tetanus booster)
coating of latex beads with __ and __ can be used to ID gram (+) cocci: IgG and fibrinogen
where in the US is coccidio found in the soil?: southwestern US
protective measles antibody is to what epitope on the measles virus surface?: hemagglutinin
what type of organism tends to affect women with self-induced abortions?: anaerobes (e.g. Clostridia)
normal Ab production but recurrent bacterial infections suggests a problem with what WBC?: neutrophils

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