UCLA History 9D
Terms
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- Islam
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-3rd monotheistic religion after Judaism and christianity
-started in what is now saudi arabia at the end of the 6th century
-means 'submission to higher valid authority' - Hijaz
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-Northwest part of Saudi Arabia
-contains two main cities: mecca and Yathrib (medina) - Mecca
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-Still holiest Muslim city
-contains Kaba
-birthplace of Muhammad - Medina
-
-first known as Yathrib
-means city in Arabic and state in Jewish
-Muhammad came here in 622 - 2 major powers at the time Islam started
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-Sasanian Empire
-Byzantine Empire - Sasanian Empire
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-center is Iran
-contains Iran, Iraq, east Turkey
-not a monotheistic empire: believed int he interplay of earth/fire - Byzantine Empire
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-(Eastern Roman Empire)
-After roman empire split this half became centered at Constantinople (present day Istanbul)
-Practise Greek Orthodox Chrisianity - Kaaba
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-Shrine made of black stone of 3 godesses
-main destination for mecca pilgrimage
-Believed to be built by Abraham and Ishmael (to who Arabs trace their decent)
-Allah is one of the godesses - Quraysh
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-tribe (not neccesarily a rural kinship) that was main population of Mecca
-the higher up in the tribe you are the closer you are to Kaaba (the center) - Young Muhammad
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-employee of caravans from Hijaz to Syria
-came into contact with many orthodox Jews - Hagar
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-concubine of Abraham
-mother of Ishmael
-In islam she is believed to be Abraham's true wife - Allah
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-one of the godesses on the Kaaba
-Muhammad used this name as name for new God - Muhhamad
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-570-632
-Born in Mecca
-clan of hashim of tribe Quraysh
-married Khadija
-vision of archangel Gabriel
-began preaching what came to be known as Qur'an
-Moved to Medina in 622 after death of uncle and wife
-fought off mecca until he became strongest authority in Arabia
-Final seal of Prophets - Hegira (hijra)
- Muhammad's emigration from Mecca and into Medina
- UMMA
- community of believers
- Arabic
-
-language existed long before Islam
-Not all Arabs are Muslim
-Not all Muslims are Arab
-not the native language of majority of Muslims - Khalifat Rasul Allah
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-'Replacement of God's prophet'-full name of leader of Islam after Muhammad
-Linguistically corrupted to 'Caliph'
-this person can't change/add to the religion - Determinants of Khalifat Legitimacy
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1.Proximity to the prophet
2.High standing of family in Quraysh - Al Khulafa AL Rashidun
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-632-661
-'The Rightly Guided Caliphs'
-the first 4 caliphs - Turkish
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-start appearing in 830
-populate heavily in mid 900's
-track their movement from northeast to southwest
-young turks are taken in as soldiers for Private Caliph Units
-they were trained in culture and converted to Islam
-They were a 'One Generation Elite' - their children didn't inherit their military positions - Gazy
- Effort to extend the boundaries of Islam
- Gaza
-
Person who carries out the Gazy effort
-leads violent raids
-supossed to be orthodox muslims but are actually Sufis - Sufism
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-people were called Sufis (man of wool)
-they were a mystic group of muslims who claimed a connection to Allah
-in late 10th century brought many converts to Islam - Dervish
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one of a class of sufi muslim devotees
-created many different brotherhoods like monks - Seljuk
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-state created by the people and not by the govt.
-created in 10th century
-people are called 'seljuks' - Ogauz
- confederation of large tribes
- 1055
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Seljuks take over Baghdad but not by force and take title of Saltan not Caliph.
-The turks have taken high power but still have not taken over ethnic and cutlural standards - Asia Minor
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Anatolia=Most of Turkey today
-became most dense area with turkish speakers - Battle of Mazikirt
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-Manzikirt is city's name
-Byzantines sent army to push turks east but seljuks backed the turkish army
-occured in 1071
-Alp Arslan led battle - Alp Arslan
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'lion hero'
-sultan that led battle of Manzikirt
Alp=courageous
Arslan=lion - Ummayads
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661-750
-powerful meccan family
-killed 4th caliph (Ali)
-all caliphs come from this group from now on - Damascus
- Ummayads moved Islamic center to this city which starts the end of arab speaking dominance in the religion
- Persian and Greek
- When Islam beat groups militarily survivors would try to serve the rulers in any way and these languages were important to becoming a democrat in the govt.
- Abbasids
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Overthrow the Ummayads
-they are another strong meccan family
-claim Caliphate by kinship (one of them was Muhammad's uncle)
-recruited non arab speakers and claimed the ummayads were prejudiced
-they spread islam to asia
-increasingly de arabized the caliphate from administrators to governors to rulers (they became mutliethnic and non arab speaking) - Abbasid army and fight against ummayads
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-soldiers were from province Khorasan
-Defeated Ummayads by 750 to take caliphate
-moved capital from damascus to baghdad (on bank of tigris) - Line of Abbasid Caliphates
- 750-1250
- Effective rule of Abbasids
- 750-950
- Shi'ah
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Shii-person of this sect
Shia-the sect itself - Shi'ah belief
- Only caliphs can be descendents of Ali and Fatima-the Faction of Ali-Only rightful leaders of Islam
- Ali
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Caliph from 656-661
-son in law of Muhammad
-last of the rightly guided caliphs
-killed by Ummayads - Battle of Karbala
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-year 680
-b/w Ali's group and Ummayads - Husayn
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-second son of Ali
-led Ali's group against Ummayads in battle of Karbala
-was martyred and every year shi'ites commemorate the battle and recognize his martyrdom as the beginning of their sect - Imam
- leader of a prayer to several muslims. to shia group this meant basically the caliph. they believe there were 12 of them and the 12th is in occlusion til the day of judgement
- Sunna Muslims
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-believe all 4 original caliphs were legit whereas Shias only believe Ali was legit
-they are the majority of muslims that developed in opposition to shias - Fatimids
- Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi, head of a sect of Syrian Shia Muslims creates his caliphate in northwest africa. takes egypt in 969 (date of official establishment of Cairo as capital)
- Fustat
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-located at tip of nile delta
-first capital of muslim egypt, precursor to Cairo - Crusades
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-start 1096 after Pope excites people to regain Jerusalem
-take back Jerusalem in 1099
-first crusading king is annointed in Bethleham in 1100 - Nur al Din
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-not arabic but name is and means 'light of islam'
-starts the rebellion
-appointed champion of Jihad in 1150 - Jihad
- any act to strive for the religion
- Salah al Din al Ayyubi
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-Known as 'Saladin'
-is the general's nephew under Nur al Din
-in 1160 he takes palestine against Fatimids and removes them from egypt
-creates new Ayyubi state in 1171 and remains Sultan
-takes over Jerusalem in 1187 against crusaders