Design unit
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- measurement
- process of determining size, amount, or extent of somethin
- customary system
-
length-inches
weight-pound
volume-quart
temperature-fahrenheit - ounces
-
8 _____________= 1 cup
2 cups=1 pint (16 ___________)
2 pints= 1 quart (32 _________)
4 quarts= 1 gallon (128 _______) - fahrenheit
-
freezing point of water: 32 degrees
boiling point of water: 212
180 degrees between boiling and freezing and boiling points - metric prefixes
- "There is a logical progression from smaller units to larger ones, since all sizes of unite are based on ten."
- base units
-
length= meter
weight= gram
volume= liter or meter
temperature= degrees celcius - x1000
- kilo
- x100
- hecta
- x10
- decka
- x.1
- deci
- x.01
- centi
- x.001
- milli
- mnemoic device to remember prefixes
- King Henry Drank My Diet Coke Monday
- celcius
-
freezing point of water: 0 degrees
boiling point of water: 100 degrees
100 degrees b/w boiling and freezing points - rules and scales
- metric rule
- calipers
- measure diameters and length on either inside or outside of object
- micrometer
- very precise tools for measuring length, thickness, or diameter of small objects
- squares
-
measure or lay out perpendicular lines
t-square, framing square, try square, center square, combination square - protractors
- measure length and angle measures along straing edge
- weight scales
- measure weight or mass; sensitive scientific scales; analog or digital; maual or electronic
- calibrated containers
- measure volume; measure ingredients for recipes; measuring spoons, measuring cups; beakers; Earlimyer flasks, etc
- close
- many production settings don't require close measurements; length of house, width of playing field don't need to be correct
- fraction; inch
-
if product is within a _______ of an _____, it'll work fine
this is when customary is used most - very important
- material being measure is _____ ________. (ex. wood changes in size with changes in moisture content and humidity)
- 1/32 inch; one mm
- measuring closer than _____ _______ or ___ _______ aren't useful measurements. wood can change more than that in 1 day
- customary
- common in cabinent and furniture and printing companies
- printing industry's own system
- based on pica (1/6 inch) and pom (1/72 inch)
- precision
- used for smaller, more precise things; eatch parts and engine pistons would be useless if varied by more than 1/32 inch
- direct reading meausrement tools
-
three common uses- linear dimensions, diameters, and angles
can be measured using standard precision devises - linear measurement
-
ruler
most common divisions are 1/10 inch
metric rule divided into mm
flexible rules are often called tape rules - diameters
- precise ______ can be measured by placing a part between anvil and spindle of micrometer and reading measurement on barrel
- angles
- formed by the lines at the upper right corner are equat to 120 degrees
- indirect reading measuring tools; quality control
-
many modern measuring systems, humans no longer take measuremts; sensors gather measurement data, processed by computers or other automatic devices
measurement can be used to compare the present condition with a desired contition; process of setting stards measuring features, comparing them to standars, and corrective actions is called - tools
- describes distance, mass, time, temperature, number of particles, electrical current, and light intensity
- drafting
- process of accurately representing 3-d objects and structures on 2-d surface. this accurate drawing proceeess is used for nearly every productor sturcture made today
- rough sketches
- are the most common recording method. the term "rough" describes the state of the design ideas. It suggests that the designes are incomlete and unrefined
- skteching
- way of drawing out ideas
- refined sketches
- refined design ideas. They may not look anything like the irginal rough sketeches. communicate shape and proportion. can come from 2 or more sketchs. Don not communicate size
- detailed sketches
- communicate size, in addition to the shape and proportion communicated in the first two drawings. It also communicates the information needed to build a model of the product or structure
- different techniques
- ____________ ______________ are used to show the artifact as the human eye would see it. Therefore, a single view is used to show how the front, sides, and top would appear
- oblique sketchs
- sides shown with parallel lines that are generally drawn at 45 degrees to show the front view
- cavalier oblique drawings
- cause the sides and top to look deeper than they are. actual
- cabinent oblique drawings
- shorten the lines that project back from the front ot one-half their original length
- isometric
- equal measure
- object
- is shown as if viewed from one corner (isometric)
- perspective sketchs
- most realistic, yet, most difficult of the three sketchs
- perspective sketches
- realism is obtained by having parallel lines meet at a distance vantage point
- types of perspective views
- one point, two point, and three point
- one point persepective
- shows an object as if you were directly in front of it. horizon line
- two point perspective
- shows how an object would appear if you stood at one corner
- three point perspective
- shows how the eye sees the length, width, and height of an object
- multi view method
- in this method, generally a top right and end view are shown
- multi view drawings
- use orthographic projection to project information at the right anglesw to new views
- detail drawings
- front view is drawn in the lower left quadrant of the paper
- projection lines
- extended to the top and right of a front view to form the top and side views
- different lines
- used to show the outlines and major details on an object
- object lines
- darkest lines which show the outlines and major details
- hidden lines
- dotted lines used to show outlines which are not visible in a certain view
- extension lines
- used in dimensioning, indicate the points from which the measurements are taken
- center lines
- locate holes in a part. these lines pass through the center of the hole
- dimension lines
- have arrows apointing to the extension lines that indicate the range of the dimension. between the extension lines
- orthographic projection
- top and side views are projected up to the right of the front view
- Computer Aided Design (CAD)
- refers to process using computer and software to assist drafter in preparing mechanical or architectual drawings
- Computer Aided Design and Drafting (CADD)
- closely related to CAD. extra functions that simulate testing products, increase quality of work
- Advatages of CAD
-
speed
quality
ease of modification
cost - speed
-
more drawings in time
lines are tidious
CAD- set endpoints and CAD does rest - quality
-
improved line quality, neatness, legibility, and accuracy
hard to achieve consistinent line quality
no smudging or smearing
computer is standard - ease of modification
-
common to need to revise
more modifications time consuming
drawings are saved in memory - cost
- expensive at fitst, but you can save$$ in long run (tools, paper, pencils, etc.)
- 3D
- programs store 3d database for each point of object
- greatly
- #d __________ affects ability to view and display veiws of object
- 2d
- packages store data for x and y coordinates
- 2.5d
- also store data points for x and y, also provide simplified 3D visualization for objects
- commands
- short words which, when entered, causes computer to perform some function
- entity
- objector text item created
- grids
- easily locate position on drawing
- grid dots
- dots on grid
- grid spacing
- most programs allow drafter to adjust spacing of dots
- snap grids (grid snaps)
- used to lock drawing curser to grid points as it is moved across screen. when ____ ______ is on, cursor moves from grid point to grid pont
- rotation
- used to rotate entity around base point
- handle point
- grabbing on corner of entity and dragging pont around base point
- zoom
- allows drafter to move in on a particular part, can view more details
- windows
- seperate display screen
- split screen
- allows you 2 work on two windows
- zoom screen
- different things at same time. zoom in on something
- cartesian coordinate system
- graphical point location; standard in CAd; precise positioning of entities on drawing surface
- coordinate pair
- position of point (x,y)
- absolute coordinates
- give position measured from origin of drawing. refr to precise locations
- relative coordinates
- refer to point measured from previous point
- design
-
process of :
interactive decision making
planning in production of products and systems
converting materials and resources
meeting human needs and wantes to solve problems - integration of technology
- "it is as fundamental to technology as inquiryis to science and reading is to language arts"
- balance
- determining visual weight of an object or image in either formal symmetry or informal symmetry
- principles of design
- include: balance, proportion, contrast, variety, harmony, unity, rhythm
- proportion
- distinguishing size relantionship of various parts of projector graphich as they relate to the finished product
- contrast
- establishing a point of emphasis to draw viewer's eye in an specific elements of graphic or product
- variety
- used to add elements of interest ot grpahich or product to gain interest in graphic or product
- harmony
- utilized to add rhythem and allow viewer to see items in agreeable manner
- unity
- refers to ability to make componets of a design have agreement with no elements out of place or seem as they don't belong together
- rhythm
- reoccurence or repetition within design that gives it the appearance that movement is taking place
- design propsals
- " a written plan of action for solutions to a proposed problem
- designers
- driven to develop products that are creative through inventions and innovations that show resourcefulness
- human ability
- is distinguised as the ability to visualize and think abstractly along with considering several solutions for same problem
- elements of design
- line, shape, form, space, color, texture/shades
- development of products
-
communications
transportation
manufactoring
biotechnology
construction
energy and power - design factors
-
safety
reliability
economic considerations
quality control
enviromental concerns
manufactorability
maintence/ repair
ergonomics - potentinal hazards
- weigh benefits of design against _______________ ___________
- enviromentally conscious
- remember society is more _______________ ______ than ever before
- ultimate design goal
- Earth's our home, we must protect and preserve her for future generations
- design process
- effects these systems: communications, construction, energy and power, and biotechnology
- safety
- comply with codes and regulations go as to provide safe operation of products by the developer and consumer
- reliability and functionality
- process of product working properly, utilizing proper meterials within developement constraints
- quality control
- requires information
- feedback
- related to measurement tolerances and specifications to assure proper production of products
- enviromental concerns
- developing produced in harmony with our enrivorment and recyclable
- manufacturability
- ability of product to be produced through feasible means and meet a need using available materials and resources
- maitnenance/ repair
- products produced with the intention of long life and low maintenance along with simple field replacement units
- ergonomics
- study of workplace equipment design or how to arrange and design devices, amachines, or work space so that people and things interact safely and must efficiently
- communications
- wireless systems utilize Internet and advances in satelites present future not yet imagined
- manufactoring
- CAD/CAM control tech and use of robots of enhancements everyday
- transportation
- magnetic levitation systems and automatic guided vehicles move products and people daily
- structual
- cities and communities on Earh along with new developem ent of International Space Station
- Energy and Power
- solar, wind, hydroelectric energies are present examples of only few sources thar are enviromentally conscious
- biotechnology
- genetic engineering related to agriculture, enviromental concerns and medical advances
- 2 non computer generated items
- design and production of graphic arts typcially begins with ________________
- thumbnail sketches
- generally show choices for possible page layouts
- rough or mechanaical sketchs
- shows dimensions, size and locations of all elements, text, and images on page
- more often then in past
- _______ ________ ___designers aren't physically pasting elements onto camera ready copy of design. Instead, most of this so called paste up is done soley on computer.
- computers
- _____________ also used in generating film and printing plates without use of process cameras
- typical software
- _________ __________ that is involved in graphic design or pre-dress process includes PageMaker, and QuarkExpress
- PhotoShop
- color sperations and other digital photgraphic processes are acomplished wit hsoftware like ___________
- rule of thirds
- states that you should put subject of 4 intersection points, slightely off center
- 2/3 1/3
- means that photograph is composed of _____ sky and ______ ground or vise versa depending on what is most interesting
- headspace
- often leave too much ______ and shoot from too far away when composing interest shots.
- lead space
- ______ ________ should also be included if subject is facing certain direction or is moving in particular direction
- portraits
- _______ should be shot up close w/o too much headspace
- story board
- helps people visualize each shot with regard to lighting requirements, sound, dialog, etc. Planning shoots depends on requirements that are specifided in storyboard