Art History Final Exam
Terms
undefined, object
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- Sarcophagus
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“consumer of fleshâ€, a coffin, usually of stone
-coffin w/ additional sculpture
-Etruscan
-Romans added frieze & portrait face - Terra Cotta
- ETRUSCAN; hard-baked clay, used for sculpture and as a building material; it may be glazed or painted; mastered by Etruscan - creating and firing large pieces
- Neocropolis
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ETRUSCAN “city of the deadâ€, mass grave with an organized, almost urban layout, individual tombs in regular placements
-emulate houses of the living - Orator's pose
- raised arm indicating speech as if addressing a crowd, symbolic of power and intellect, political vision (Aule Metele)
- Portico
- a roofed colonnade; also an entrance porch
- Cella
- the chamber at the center of an ancient temple; in a classical temple, the room in which the cult statue usually stood
- Atrium
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the court of a Roman house that is partly open to the sky; also the open, colonnaded court in front of and attached to a Christian basilica
-in between space preparing for entering the house, had central pool w/ rect opening in ceiling (light and rainwater), frescoes, wall decorations, things referring to social identity of home owner - Fresco
- painting on lime plaster, either dry or wet; popular in Italy throughout (Classical Rome to Gothic in cathedrals)
- Personification
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ROMAN an abstract idea represented in bodily form
-constructing memory
-association of person and power; portraiture - Aqueduct
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- Triumphal arcade
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part architecture part sculpture; covered in sculpture, reliefs, text; erected after; often times it would be built just before return so the returning victors could march through the arch
-made of concrete, covered w/ marble; read like a movie reel; carrying treasures of Judaism
-emphasis on ritual: connect action of marching under the arch w/ the artwork - Forum
- the public square of an ancient Roman city
- Rotunda
- the circular area under a dome; also a domed round building
- Coffer
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a sunken panel, often ornamental, in a vault or a ceiling
used in Pantheon; creates illusion of depth (greater volume) - Equestrian Statue
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- statue of philosopher emperor; one of “good†emperors of Rome
Marcus Aurelius was 1st - Justinian used later - became standard type of statuary - Encaustic
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ROMAN a painting technique in which pigment is mixed with wax and applied to the surface while hot
-use wax as binder - Basilica
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Roman: large building for civic and government purposes
-rectangular nave with an entrance usually on a long side; 2 semicircular apse where ruler sat
Christian: church resembling the Roman basilica, usually entered from one end and with an apse at the other - Nave
- the central area of an ancient Roman basilica or of a church, demarcated from aisles by piers or columns
- Catacombs
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a subterranean network of rock-cut galleries and chamber designed as cemeteries for the burial of the dead
-had to be secret and subversive because of opposition to Christianity
-decorated w/ frescoes - Apse
- a recess, usually semicircular, in the wall of a Roman basilica or at the east end of a church
- Celerestory
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In ROMAN basilicas and MEDIEVAL churches, the windows that form the naves’ uppermost level below the timber ceiling or the vaults
part of Early Christian, Romanesque, & Gothic churches & cathedrals - Arcade
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a series of arches supported by piers or columns
surrounds nave of Early Christian, Romanesque & Gothic churches and cathedrals
-Early Medieval and on (Romanesque, etc.) alter columns with PIERS - Ambulatory
- a covered walkway, outdoors (as in a church cloister) or indoors; especially the passageway around the apse and the choir of a church
- Mosaic
- patterns or pictures made by embedding small pieces (tesserae) of stone or glass in cement on surfaces such as walls and floors
- Mausoleum
- a monumental tomb
- Pendentive
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a concave triangular section of a hemisphere, four of which provide the transition from a square area to the circular base of a covering dome; they support the dome
-transition from square (base) to circle (dome) - Apse mosaic
- usually subject relating to communion
- portrait
- Roman
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Pantokrator
Pantocrator -
Christ as ruler and judge of heaven and earth
-ruling of the heavens, of everything; Christ as all powerful, judge of the earth - triptych
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a three-paneled painting or alter piece
-3 pieces, 2 doors on hinges flanking central section - Mihrab
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a semicircular niche set into the qibla wall of a mosque
-a niche in the qibla wall indicating the direction of Mecca - Mosque
- the Islamic building for collective worship. From the Arabic word masjid, meaning a “place for bowing downâ€
- Madrasa
- an Islamic theological college adjoining and often containing a Mosque
- Minaret
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a distinctive feature of mosque architecture, a tower form which the faithful are called to worship
-the tower associated with a mosque from which the faithful are called to prayer - Ball court
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becomes standard part of urban life for Mesoamerica
-recreational & symbolic
-for ceremony - loser executed - Geoglyph
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ground drawings, from N. Chile to N. Peru
- figures/drawings etched into earth’s face by removing rocks and topsoil
- mysterious, unknown meaning
-famous: hummingbird, complex and large design
-a lot of spirals - Kiva
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a large circular underground structure that is the spiritual and ceremonial center of Pueblo Indian life
-have cyclical pattern of thinking (circles); only space specifically for men; reflects pit house construction (in the ground) - Zimbabwe
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-Zimbabwe = stone house/ enclosure; became way of demarcating space for elite
-great fortresses, big houses w/ in a larger community that house the ruling class - Carpet page
- in early medieval manuscripts, decorative pages resembling textiles
- Interlace
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complex shapes and forms used to decorate churches, purse covers, books, textile
EARLY CHRISTIAN - seen mostly in North (Charlemagne) - Westwork
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the façade and towers at the western end of a medieval church, principally in Germany
-innovation of Earl Medieval Christian era - Gallery
- ROMANESQUE: provided additional support for heavy masonry vaulting & space for extra pilgrims
- Tympanum
- Romanesque: the space enclosed by a lintel and an arch over a doorway
- buttress
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GOTHIC provided extra lateral support for vaulted ceiling
lateral elements like compound piers, connected by horizontal flying element, open up space for glass by lightening the wall load - tapestry
- a weaving technique in which the weft threads are packed densely over the warp threads so that the designs are woven directly into the fabric
- ribbed vault
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Gothic: a vault in which the diagonal and transverse ribs compose a structural skeleton that partially supports the masonry web between them
-allows for more flexible and elaborate spaces, linear effects, disperses thrust, decorative too - triforium
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Gothic: cathedral - the blind arcaded gallery below the clerestory; occasionally the arcades are filled with stained glass
-purely decoration
-took over Gallery space from Romanesque - rose window
- Gothic: a circular stained glass window; usually on westwork, can by in triforium