Western Political Heritage 3
Terms
undefined, object
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- What are the three types of friendship?
- Pleasure, utility, good
- What is "true friendship"?
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It is the love of one's own higher good.
"Friend is another self" - What is the highest happiness?
- Conteplation, the only, pure intrinsic good.
- What are the three best pleasures?
- purity, stability, self-sufficiency
- What is the conflict with intellectual virtue?
- Divine self-sufficiency vs. "people who need people"
- Which study comes first, ethics or moral goodness?
- Ethics
- What are the popular views of happiness?
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Virtue (prudence and wisdom)
Pleasure
External goods - What is the non-rational soul made up of?
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Obeys Reason (moral virtue)
Nutritive (physical health) - What is the rational soul made up of?
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Pure Reason (contemplative wisdom)
Practical Reason (practical wisdom) - What are the characteristics of moral virtue? (4)
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-A habit
-Fulfills purpose of nature
-A mean between extremes
Concerns feelings and actions: to experience emotions properly
- as perceived by “man of high standards†- Name virtue and vice of COURAGE:
- rash – COURAGE – coward
- Name virtue and vice of TEMPERANCE:
- insensible – TEMPERANT – indulgent
- Name virtue and vice of LIBERAL:
- prodigal – LIBERAL – meanness
- Name virtue and vice of MAGNIFICENT:
- vulgar – MAGNIFICENT – niggardly
- Name virtue and vice of PRIDE:
- vanity – PRIDE – humility
- Name virtue and vice of AMBITION:
- ambitious – RT AMBITION – unambitious
- Name virtue and vice of GOOD-TEMPER:
- irritable – GOOD-TEMPER - never irritable
- Name virtue and vice of TRUTHFUL:
- boastful – TRUTHFUL – mock-modest
- Name virtue and vice of WITTY:
- buffoon – WITTY – boorish
- Name virtue and vice of FRIENDLY:
- obsequious – FRIENDLY – surly
- Name virtue and vice of MODEST:
- bashful – MODEST – shameless
- Name virtue and vice of JUSTICE:
- injustice – JUSTICE - injustice
- What does courage have to do with fear?
- Endures fear “in the right way…†for the sake of “acting nobly.â€
- What is the quote about courage with ends and circumstances?
- “Pleasant end obscured by attendant circumstances…â€
- What does the magnanimous man think of recieving honors?
- He deserves them but it is not good enough for his high virtue.
- What does the magnanimous man feel about praise?
- Like to hear about good they have done, not good they have received.
- What are the three descriptions of a magnanimous man according to Aristotle?
- “a slow gait, a deep voice, a deliberate way of speaking…â€
- On truth, from the standpoint of moral virtue philosophy is what?
- A graceful vice
- On truth, from the standpoint of philosophy, moral virtue is what?
- A boast
- To Aristotle, what comes first, straightforwardness or opinion?
- Straightforwardness
- On justice, what is the definition of lawful?
- Complete virtue ⬦ in relation to fellow men.
- On justice, what is the definition of fair?
- Proportional (depends on judgment of merit)
- Is natural justice changeable?
- Yes
- Practical wisdom guides what?
- Moral virtue
- Moral virtue guides what?
- Practical wisdom
- Why is Practical Wisdom NOT the highest wisdom?
- Because “man is not the best thing in the universeâ€
- What is theoretical wisdom?
- The highest happiness: contemplation – the only pure, intrinsic good.
- What is the relationship between the object and subject of percieving something?
- “When both object and subject of perception are at their best, there will always be pleasure.â€
- Why is this Divine living impossible?
- Incapable of continuous activity
- Why is having education backed by law a problem?
- It assumes knowledge of legislation (the big problem with Politics)
- What is the order of forming a city?
- household - village - city
- What is the individual in relation to the city?
- Whole prior to part
- Why are we "by nature political animals?"
- We speak
- Does Aristotle justify slavery?
- In principle, but not in reality.
- How common is it to be a good man and a good citizen?
- Rare
- Can a worker be a citizen?
- No, they are too preoccupied
- Monarchy's vice is?
- Tyranny
- Aristocracies vice is?
- Oligarchy
- Polities vice is?
- Democracy
- Does Aristotle classify by class?
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No
few = rich
many = poor - What are the means of a good polis?
- Property and defense
- What are the ends of a good polis?
- Living well for the sake of noble actions
- What is the best political constitution?
- POLITY (like virtue, a “mean†open to many)
- What is this Polity made up of?
- Solid, moderate middle class: listens to reason, avoids arrogance/envy; free from factions.
- What is Aristotles "just mixture?"
- Pay the poor, fine the rich to encourage participation
- What is the four practical advices that Aristotle gives about governing a Polity?
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-Avoid “community policing"
-Moderation
-Fear: remind people of dangers
-Attend: to lifestyles & education - *What are the characteristics of a Democracy?
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*-Balancing numbers / property
-Best democracies: agrarian, pastoral - *How do you preserve a Democracy?
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-Avoid confiscatory litigation
-Discourage participation of poor
-Don’t distribute surplus
-Perpetuate prosperity,
provide land, jobs
-Mix election, lot - What is the "core" of happiness?
- Action
- What is beyond action?
- Study and thought
- What is Aristotles views of sex and marriage?
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-Citizens (man 37, female 18)
-Abortions acceptable
-Adultry is bad
-Censor obscenity - What is one purpose of education?
- Leisure
- What is Aristotles views on women?
- Lack authority