History Chapter 9
Terms
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- Prophet of Islam whom Muslims recognize as Allah’s messenger to all humankind. His teachings from the basis of Islam.
- Muhammad
- “struggle for the faithâ€; can be thought of as an individual or communal struggle; as the latter, the term embraces notions of defending the Muslim community and holy war
- Jihad
- a building for Muslim prayer
- Mosque
- behaviors and obligations that are common to all Muslims, which include the profession of faith, the performance of five daily prayers, the giving of alms, the requirement to fast, and the journey to Mecca, or Hajj
- Five Pillars of Islam
- the sacred text of Islam
- Qur’an
- followers of Islam
- Muslims
- a monotheistic religion whose prophet is Muhammad and whose holy book is the Qur’an; the term means “achieving peace through surrender to Godâ€
- Islam
- Mohammad’s journey from Mecca to Medina
- Hegira
- small group of nomadic people in Arabia
- Bedouins
- “successor to the Prophetâ€; title given to the political and religious leader of Muslims
- Caliph
- area ruled by a caliph
- Caliphate
- (661 – 750) first ruling dynasty over the Muslim Caliphate
- Umayyad
- “people who follow the Sunna (way of the Prophet)â€; the largest branch of Islam; believers accepted the first four caliphs as rightful successors of Muhammad
- Sunnis
- a branch of Islam whose adherents believe that the caliphate must go to a descendent of Muhammad – particularly a member of the family of Ali
- Shia
- a branch of Islam emphasizing a personal, mystical connection with God
- Sufis
- dynasty that overthrew the Umayyad dynasty to rule the Muslim caliphate from 750 to 1258; for 150 years the Abbasids maintained the unity of the caliphate and Islamic culture and civilization flourished
- Abbasid
- First Muslim caliph; as a close companion and successor to Muhammad, he unified the restive Bedouin tribes of central Arabia into a strong fighting force that he led into Iraq and Syria
- Abu Bakr
- Fifth Abbasid caliph (ruled 786 to 809); Under his rule, the Abbasid dynasty reached its height and Islamic culture experienced a flowering
- Harun al-Rashid
- an instrument for determining the positions and movements of heavenly bodies
- Astrolabe
- the art of fine handwriting
- Calligraphy
- towers attached to the outside of a mosque, from where a crier calls Muslims to worship
- Minarets
- Spanish-Arab philosopher; also known as Averroes; influenced by Aristotle, his best-known writings explore the relationship between reason and faith
- Ibn Rushd
- Persian philosopher and physician; also known as Avicenna; noted as a medical scholar, he contributed to many other fields of study
- Ibn Sina
- Muslim writer; he wrote the Muqaddimah, which traced the history of the Muslim world
- Ibn Khaldun
- Persian poet; he was a Sufi mystic and founded a Sufi order whose members use music and dancing in their rituals. His poems are still read by many today.
- Rumi
- Persian poet, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher; author of The Rubaiyat, a collection of poems about a man who celebrates the simple pleasures in life
- Omar Khayyam