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AP Unit 10

Terms

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Palmer Raids
In November 1919, the Attorney General led raids and arrested around 700 suspected communists and anarchists. Some were deported under the Alien Act. The Red Scare in the United States followed Communist revolutions in Russia.
1919 General Strike
Post-war strikes occurred because of an increase in prices. The most famous strike was in a Seattle shipyard. The government responded with troops to break up the strike. Chicago police struck and were all fired. The United Mine Workers of America under John L. Lewis struck as well, fueling the Red Scare.
Election of 1920
Senator Warren G. Harding was the Republican dark horse with running mate Calvin Coolidge. They advocated a "return to normalcy" from the war environment. James Cox, and Franklin D. Roosevelt were the Democratic nominees. They ran on a platform endorsing the League with reservations.
Normalcy
Coined by Warren G. Harding in an address before the Home Market Club on May 14,1920 in Boston, this term came to symbolize, to powerful businessmen, the immediate abandonment of the foreign and domestic policies of Wilson. This meant a return to high protective tariffs and a reduction in taxes. To the general public it alluded to a time without war and reform.
National Origins Act
This restricted immigration to 2% of the total number of people who lived in the U.S. from their respective country since 1890 and completely rejected the immigration of Asians. The intent of these provisions was to reduce the immigration of foreign people in the United States.
Ohio Gang
President Harding’s friends and advisors who were his closest advisors. Charles Forbes, Harry Daugherty, Albert Fall, Maurice Clarett, and Harry Sinclair were all exposed in various corruption scandals to enhance their personal wealth.
Andrew Mellon
He was the secretary of the treasury under Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover. Under his administration, Congress lowered the income tax rates for the wealthy. He also succeeded in balancing the budget every year from 1921 to 1928.
Prohibition
This was first an issue before World War I. Progressives saw it as a way to deal with the social problems associated with alcoholism. Congress submitted the 18th amendment in 1917. However, closet manufacturing of alcoholic beverages and a rise in criminal activities within the cities due to illegal importation of alcohol led to its repeal with the 21st amendment in 1933.
Volstead Act
This established the Prohibition Bureau within the Treasury Department, but it lacked financial stability and was ineffective.
Sacco and Vanzetti Case
On Apr 15, 1920 two robbers killed a clerk and stole money from a shoe factory in South Briantree, Massachusetts. Two immigrants, who were socialists and anarchists, were arrested and both were charged with the robbery and the murder. The jury found them both guilty. Both men died in the electric chair on Aug 23, 1927. The case demonstrates the racism of the age.
Scopes Trial
In 1925, the Tennessee legislature outlawed the teaching of evolution in public schools. The American Civil Liberties Union volunteered to defend any teacher willing to challenge this law. William Jennings Bryan agreed to assist prosecution. Darrow was the head of ACLU’s lawyers.
KDKA Pittsburgh
This was the first successful radio station in the U.S. to start broadcasting on Nov 2, 1920. It began the radio era when it broadcast the news of President Harding’s election. This radio station also influenced the establishment of the Federal Radio Commission.
Marcus Garvey
He was a black nationalist leader who created the "Back to Africa" movement in the U.S. In 1914 he founded the UNIA (United Negro Improvement Association) and in 1916, he started a weekly newspaper called the Negro World. He was later convicted of embezzlement and deported to Jamaica.
Harlem Renaissance
This refers to the black cultural and artistic development during the 1920s. However, the movement depended on the patronage of white people
Langston Hughes
He was an American writer known for the use of jazz and black folk rhythms in his poetry. He used musical rhythms and the traditions of African American culture in his poetry. In the 1920s he was a prominent figure during the Harlem Renaissance and was the Poet Laureate of Harlem.
Charles Lindbergh
He was an American aviator, engineer , and Pulitzer Prize winner. On May 20, 1927, he was the first person to make a nonstop solo flight across the Atlantic. Flying in his single engine plane, Spirit of St. Louis, he flew from New York City to Paris.
Bruce Barton, The Man Nobody Knows 1925
He was an advertising executive that described Jesus Christ as a managerial genius who "picked up twelve men from the bottom ranks of business and forged them into an organization that conquered the world."
The Lost Generation
This term refers to a group of American writers who lived primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s. Bitter about their World War I experiences and disillusioned with different aspects of American society, these writers were seen to be ex-patriots. The writers include: Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Sinclair Lewis, TS Eliot, Hl Mencken, and William Carlos Williams. They never formed a formal literary movement, but individually they were all influential writers.
Sinclair Lewis
A member of the Lost Generation, he wrote about the monotony, emotional frustration, lack of values, and conformity in American middle class life in novels such as Main Street and Babbitt.
H.L. Mencken
He founded the magazine The American Mercury in 1924. Mencken remained the editor until 1933. He targeted his work at the shortcomings of democracy and the middle-class American culture.
F. Scott Fitzgerald
He wrote his most famous book in five months and completed it in 1925. The plot was a sensitive and satiric story of the pursuit of success and the collapse of the American dream. Being one of the writers of the Lost Generation, he was bitter because of the effects of the war.
Flappers
They were the stereotype of a woman in the 1920s. Independent and representing the rebellious youth of the age, the she was usually characterized by her "bobbed" hair, dangling cigarette, heavy make-up, and her ever shortening skirt length.
Rugged Individualism
The ideal quality which every American should possess, it meant people who were self made individuals, who could handle the pressures given by a damaged society, and who would rise above them in order to succeed. These ideas were encompassed in Hoover’s book.
Election of 1924
The Progressives nominated Robert La Follette for president; the Socialist party and AFL supported this nomination, also. The Democratic Party nominated John W. Davis, a compromise candidate. The Republicans nominated Coolidge, who won with 54% of the vote.
Election of 1828
Candidates Al Smith and Herbert Hoover represented the social and cultural differences of the 1920s. Smith was the Democratic candidate with the experience of being the governor of NY. Hoover was an inexperienced candidate that had never sought a public office before, yet he won.

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