MU120
Terms
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- What is music?
- The organization of sound and time within a performance space
- What is an interval?
- The distance between two pitches/tones, denoted by letters.
- Do you start on the letter you are counting up from, or on the following letter?
-
The letter you are starting from.
A to F is 6:
A, B, C, D, E, F - What is an octave?
- An interval of 8 notes: A to A'
- Define Conjunct
- Smooth and connected notes with small intervals
- Define Disjunct
-
Disjointed/disconnected notes with big leaps
(usually sounds more excited) - Define Timbre
- Quality and color of a sound that distinguishes it from other voices
- What is rhythm?
- Sucession of long and short durations + stress/accent
- What is meter?
- Grouping of pulses into a regular pattern
- Multimetric/additive rhythm?
- The grouping changes: 2,2,4
- Polyrhythm
- Several rhythms happening at once
- Syncopation
- Events inbetween pulses (makes the music sound jazzy)
- Tempo
- Speed at which the music moves through time
- Adagio
- Very slow
- Andante
- Walking pace
- Allegro
- Fast
- Presto
- Very fast
-
Change from one tempo to another:
Slowing down is?
Speeding up is? -
Retardando or Diminuedo
Accelerando -
Whole note
Half note
Quarter note
Eighth note -
Circle, empty
Circle w/ bar, empty
Filled circle with bar
Filled circle with flag - Art music
- Music created for own sake
- Arab cultural music
- Difficult to perform and understand
- Instruments
-
Voice (preeminent)
Sitar
Lute
Violin
Kni - reed flute
Percussion: Tambourin, Tabla (goblet drum), Daff (frame drum) - Arab meter
- Starts on a low note, can be additive
- Register
- General region where notes in a melody lie
- Range
- Distance from highest to lowest tones
- Dynamics
- Degree of loudness or softness
-
ff - fortissimo
f - forte
mf - mezzo forte
mp - mezzo piano
p - piano
pp - pianissimo -
ff - loudest
mf - sort of loud
pp - softest -
crescendo
decrescendo -
getting louder
getting softer - subito piano
- Suddenly soft
- melody
- A coherent (single line) of pitches; notes sounding one after the other
- Phrase
-
Denotes a unit of meaning withing a larger structure
A musical sentence -
Antecendent
Consequent -
The question
The answer - Climax
- Emotional focal point
- Cadence
- Progression that gives sense of conclusion
- Sequence
- Repition of a melodic pattern on a progressively higher or lower level
- Countermelody
- Accompanying melody sounded against principle melody
- Articulation
- The manner of delivery, the way it is played
- Staccato
- detached, separated
- Legato
- Long, smooth, connected
- Harmony
-
Simultaneous notes in music
describes movement and relationship of chords and intervals - Chord
- 3+ notes played simultaneously
- Triad
-
3 pitches built on alternate tones of the scale
1-3-5 - Consonance
- Agreeable combination of musical tones, relaxing
- Dissonance
- Combination of tones that sound unstable and in need of resolution
- Block chord
- notes struck simultaneously
- Arpeggio
- sounding individual notes of a chord one at a time
- tonic
- central tone toward which other tones gravitate
- tonality
- presence of a tonal center
- atonality
- absense of tonal center
- scale
-
collection of pitches arranced in ascending or descending order
all the availible pitches - Chromatic scale
- full gamut of notes availible in an octave
- What is the smallest step in Western scales?
- 1/2 a step
- Major scale
- whole steps everywhere except between 3-4 and 7-8
- Minor scale
- whole scale everywhere except between 2-3 and 5-6
- Diatonic members
- Refers to the initial defining members, usually 7 pitches (starting line up of a baseball team)
- Chromatic members
-
All availible members (like baseball team)
~12 pitches - Key
-
A tonic plus a special scale
Tells:
tonic and if availible notes will be major or minor - Modulation
- Shift from one key to another
- Texture
- How many layers of sound and how they relate
- Monophony
- Single melodic line without accompanyment
- Heterophony
- Single melodic line simultaneously ornamented and embellished by performers
- Homophony
- One main melody accompanied by chords/subordinate accompanyment
- polyphony
- simul. performance of two melodic lines of equal importance
- Polyphony nonimitative
- not taking motive and copying
- Polyphony imitative
-
Same motiff but staggered
Canon - various voices enter at same tonal level
Fugue - voices enter varying between tonal and dominant level - Ostinato
- Short musical fragment repeated again and again to serve as musical foundation
- Inversion
- melody played upside down
- Retrograde
- melody played backward
- Retrograde Inversion
- played backward and upside down
-
Augmentation
Diminution -
same melody but longer notes
same melody but shorter notes - Form
- relationship of ideas, like a map
-
binary
rounded binary
tripartite
ternary
rondo
strophic
song -
AB
AB (B makes reference to A)
AaBbCc
ABA'
ABA'CA''DAEA
Different lyrics over same melody
AABA - Percussion
- sound produced by collision
- Tuned Percussion
-
Bells, chimes, marimba, xylophone
*timpani - kettle drum musicians sing into to tune
*piano - hammer colliding with string - Untuned Percussion
- Snare drum, bass drum, cymbal, triangle, gong
- Strings
-
Violin
Viola
Cello
Bass - Pitch of a string is determined by:
-
1. diameter of string
2. string tension
3. density of string material
4. vibrating string length - Woodwinds
-
air moving through a tube with holes
Flute, oboe, bassoon, clarinet - Brass
-
Vibrating air moving through coiled tubes
Horn, trumpet, trombone, tuba