APES Ch. 17
Terms
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- sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxide and particulate matter
- Products of coal-fired power plants:
- 65-80
- The US reserves and potential reserves of conventional natural gas are projected to last _____-_____ years at present consumption.
- kerogen
- Shail oil is extracted from the _____ in oil shale.
- net energy ratio
- The _____ is the ratio of the useful energy produced to the useful energy used to produce it.
- methane/ethane/propane/low
- Liquified natural gas is mostly _____ with small amounts of _____, _____, and other liquified petroluem gases and is generally handled at extremely _____ temperatures.
- water
- Producing crude oil for tar sands uses large quantities of _____.
- control rods
- _____ in a reactor absorb neutrons.
- transportation
- The greatest use of oil in the U.S. is _____.
- Petroleum
- _____ is a gooey liquid primarily of hyrdocarbon compounds.
- combustion
- Because there is no _____, fuel cells give off few emissions.
- 1986
- When did the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant occur?
- Natural gas
- _____ is found entrapped in the earth's crust at varying depths and may or may not be in association with oil.
- Saudia Arabia
- Most poeple in the U.S. are oilaholics, which makes them rely heavily on _____.
- Bitumen
- _____ is high-sulfur heay oil found in tar sand.
- coal/oil/natural gas
- What are the three forms of fossil fuels?
- first and second laws of energy
- The concept of net energy most closely reinforces the _____.
- uranium-235
- The fissionable fraction of the fuel in a nuclear reactor is _____.
- immediate dismantling, entombent, mothballing, and physical barrier
- Methods of decommissioning nuclear power plants: immediate dismantling, entombent, mothballing, and physical barrier.
- high
- The cost of synfuels is too ____ to make them commercially attractive.
- uranium mine, fuel fabrication, interim underwater storage, and spent fuel processing
- The nuclear fuel cycle includes: uranium mine, fuel fabrication, interim underwater storage, and spent fuel processing.
- fewer/more
- Nuclear power produces _____ pollutants than burning coal but is significantly _____ expensive.
- OPEC
- World oil supplies and prices are expected to be controlled over the long term by _____.
- 50
- It takes at least _____ years to phase in new energy alternatives.
- Cogeneration
- _____ provides greater conversion efficiencies than traditional generation methods because it hanesses heat that would otherwise be wasted.
- hydrocarbons
- The problem with crude oil is that it contains hundres of different types of _____ that must be separated in order to be used.
- Fuel cells
- ______ can be used in stationary applications like generating elecricity for heating buildings and for powering vehicles, buses, and trains.
- 78%
- About what percentage of the world's commercial nonrenewable energy sources are from fossil fuels?
- 7
- Combined nuclear industry and government insurance covers only _____% of the estimated damage from a worst-case nuclear accident.
- commercial
- The U.S. uses a far greater proportion of the world's _____ energy than the size of its population should need, compared to other nations' populations.
- economies
- The world's dependence on nonrenewable fossil fuels is affecting indidual nation's _____.
- oil sand
- The removal of _____ causes land degredation and is not an efficient alternative to conventional oil.
- 53
- At present consumption rates, known world crude oil reserves will be depleted in _____ years.
- 1986
- A construction project completed in _____ brought the world's first full-sized commercial breeder reactor into operation in France.
- 60
- Today at least _____ countries have the capability of producing nuclear weapons.
- uranium-238/plutonium-239
- Breeder nuclear fission reactors convert _____ into _____.
- managerial
- Forbes Magazine describes the failure of the nuclear power program as the largest _____ disaster in U.S. business history.
- anthracite, bituminous, lignite, peat
- Name the stages of coal formation in order from highest to lowest.
- 4.7
- With _____% of the world's population the US uses about 1/4 of the world's commercial energy.
- a generator, scrubbers, and electrostatic precipitators
- Parts of a coal-fired electric power plant: a generator, scrubbers, and electrostatic precipitators.
- 1978
- Since _____, no new nuclear power plants have been ordered in the U.S.
- subsurface
- One of the world's most dangerous occupations because of accidents and the incidence of disease is _____ mining.
- biomass
- The United States uses less ________ energy than the world average.
- refined product
- Oil fuel, in all of its usable forms, is a _____, unlike coal and natural gas, which can often be burned in their natural condition.
- Liquified petroleum gas is used as a fuel for domestic, industrial, horticultural, agricultural, cooking, heating and drying processes.
- Liquified petroleum gas is used as a fuel for domestic, industrial, horticultural, agricultural, cooking, heating and drying processes.
- Synfuels (synthetic fuels)
- _____ are substances made through the extraction of petroleum or coal.
- Pennsylvania
- Where is Three Mile Island located?
- coal
- What is the dirtiest fossil fuel to burn?
- Bituminous coal
- _____ is used as fuel primarily because of its high heat content and availability.
- moderator
- The _____ in a nuclear reactor slows down neutrons.
- Isotopes
- _____ have an unstable nucleus that decays until they are stable.
- Nuclear fission
- _____ can happen very quickly as in an atomic bomb or in a more controlled manner allowing the energy to be captured for useful purposes.
- natural gas
- The energy source with the highest net energy ratio for transportation is _____.
- 40
- The useful operating life to today's nuclear power plants is supposed to be _____ years.
- 1979
- The accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant in _____ involved a series of mechanical failures, a loss of reactor core coolant and operator errors unforeseen in safety studies.
- Biomass
- _____ is matter usually thought of as garbage and includes dead trees, yard clippings, bark, and sawdust.
- subsides/tax breaks
- The world's dependence on fossil fuels has been increased through _____ and _____, which support fossil fuel processors. (oil companies)
- synthetic gasoline, hydrogen gas, synthetic natural gas, and methanol
- Coal can be converted to: synthetic gasoline, hydrogen gas, synthetic natural gas, and methanol.
- natural gas
- A key option during the switch from oil to other new energy sources is _____.
- butane/propane
- Liquefied petroleum gas consists of _____ and _____.
- Petroleum/natural gas
- _____ and _____ are the largest sources of energy for industrialized society.
- liquid sodium
- What is the coolant used in a breeder reactor?
- Petrochemicals
- _____ are uses as raw materials for most organinc chemical production.
- Shale
- _____ is a sedimentary rock composed of very fine particles.
- west of the Mississippi River
- Slightly more than half of the low-sulfur, surface-mineable coal reserves in the U.S. are located _____.