APES Test 2

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how does one species replace another: facilitation, inhibition, tolerance
a species makes an area more suitable for a different species with its own separate niche requirements: facilitation
lichens and squirrels are an example of this.: facilitation
speeds up succession: facilitation
interference competition. exploitation competition. succession only proceeds when this is disturbed: inhibition
horse tail weed and sunflowers are examples of this.: inhibition
late successional plants do this with plants of early stages of succession but are unaffected by them.: tolerance
explains why late successional plants can thrive in mature communities without elimination early/mid successional plants: tolerance
irregular mosaic describes....: ecosystems
fire, overgrazing, drought: disturbances
savannahs, temperate grasslands, chaparral require this form of inhibition: fires to remove low lying veggies
these fires occur one to two feet above the ground: surface fires
in these, trees explode!!: crown fires
this causes grasslands to turn in to shrub/woodland: humans suppressing fire
this turns late successional communities into early succession monocultures: agriculture
prevents opportunistic species from moving into a community: herbicide
examples of monoculture: lawns, tree plantations
intermediate disturbance hypothesis: greatest species diversity in areas with frequent moderate disturbances. enough to allow opportunistic species in without eliminating late successional plants
better terms than succession: community development, biotic change
complex ecosystems are a series of positive and negative feedback loops and are: in a constant state of dynamic change
how much does it take to change a community? determined by...: inertia, constancy, resilience
ability of a living system to resist being disturbed or altered: inertia
most climax forests are this because: inert, fire resistant
these ecosystems have greater species diversity and greater npp: inert
ability of a an ecosystem (or popltn) to stay within its means: constancy
bacteria don't have this: constancy
ability of a living system to bounce back after a major disturbance: resilience
communities with opportunistic species have this: resilience
grasslands are an example of this: resilience
drop in npp, nutrient loss, extxn of indicator species, increasing pest popltn, drop in species diversity, and the presence of contaminants all indicate--: community bad health
ecosystems reach their peak of biodiversity between -- and -- different producer species: 10 and 40
who studied community islands?: robert macarthur and edward o wilson
species equilibrium model: thoery of island biogeography. size and isolation effect diversity of land plants and animals in a system
the number of species on an island is determined by....: the balance of the immigration rate to the island and xtxn rate of species established on the island
isolation doesn't effect which rates?: xtxn
how many antibiotics originate from microorganisms?: 3000
of the 250000 known plant species, how many have been studied for their medicinal purposes?: 5000
how much do americans spend each year to watch wildlife?: $18.2 billion
fastest growing part of the global travel industry: ecotourism-- $30 billion per year
a species is so low in numbers, they can no longer fulfill their ecological duties in their biological communities: ecological extinction
a species is extinct in a certain area, but still found in other placesq: local extinction
species no longer found anywhere: biological extinction
species so small in numbers, could soon become extinct everywhere: endangered
species still plentiful in natural range, but numbers are rapidly declining: threatened
beyond this point, a species' survival is in question: minimum viable popltn size, critical popltn density
these make a species prone to extinction: low reproductive rate
specialized niche
narrow distribution
feeds at higher trophic levels
fized migration patterns
rare
commerial value
large territory and/or large body size
biggest cause of xtxn: habitat loss due to human expansion
greatest eliminator of species: tropical deforestation
half of extinct species are this: island species
fragmentation does lots of bad things, including...: more exposure to edge, areas too small for minimum breeding, limits dispersion and colonization
how much of animal trade is illegal?: one half
how many animals species are faced with xtxn due to illegal trade?: 622
second biggest cause of xtxn: deliberately/ accidentaly introduced nonnative species
what percent of endangered species are endangered because they are threatened by nonnative species?: 30%
how many individuals must you nhave in a captive popltn for a minimum viable popltn: 100-500
keeping a minimum viable poltn in a zoo is very costly. how much per species?: $6 billion
egg pulling: wild eggs are taken, hatched in zoos
captive breeding: individuals are captured from the wild and bred with aim of reintroducing them to the wild
embryo transfer: surrogate mom from another (similar) species
cross fostering: parents of similar species raise young
what percentage of the world's beaches are eroding?: 70
these stick out perpindicularly into the water and screw up dynamic equilibrium.: groins
these are built parallel to the shore on the beach itself. it increases erosion on the sides of it, and only lasts 3 to 5 years. private property rights sometimes become an issue...: sea wall
large barrier raunning parallel to shore in the water below the low tide terrace. it's submerged. acts as an artifical coral reef. preventative method.: beach saver module
parallel to the shore out in the water. sticks out above the water. stops the onshore current.: breakwater
like oversized groins.: jetties
these are often used around harbors: breakwaters and jettys
requires permits and fees for the use of federal grazing lands and plaed limits on the number of livestock that could be grazed: taylor grazing act of 1934
authorized the government to protect undeveloped tracts of public land as part of the national wildreness system unless congress later decides they are needed for the national good. land in this system is later used only for nondestructive forms of rec s: wilderness act of 1964
directs forest service to give equal consideration to outfoor rec, range, rtimber, water, wildlife and fish: multiple use sustained yield act of 1968
mandates that certain selected rivers of the nation which, with their immediate environments, possess remarkable scenic, rec, geologic, fish, wildlife, historical, cultural, or other simmilar values, shall be preserved in free flowing condition. it also: wild and scenic rivers act of 1968
protects scenic and historic hiking trails in the national trails system: national trails system act of 1968
plans to preserve, protect, develop, and where possible, to restore or enhance, the resources of the nation's coastal zone for the presejnt and succeeding generation.: national coastal zone management act of 1972
applications of forestry practices to government owned forests in the us: forest reserves maangement act of 1974
requires federal agencies to develop resource management plans on lands affected by their actions: forest and rangeland renewable resources act of 1974
gave the bureau of land management its first real authority to manage the public land under its control: federal land policy and management act of 1976
it allowed clear cutting if it was judged necessary by the forest service. the service was to move away from timber management of marginal lands, but it was to determine what fell under that category. in addition: trees could be cut down in old age, bu t: national forest management act of 1976
it created the soil and water conservation program within the dept of natural resources to promite soil and water conservation by preventing erosion: soil and water conservation act of 1977
this act required reclamation standards, performance bonds, and mandatory restoration progress on coal lands abandoned prior to August 3, 1977. the act also set forth fees to be paid on all active mining operations: surface mining control and reclamation act of 1977
this act makes it unlawful, unless authorized by permit: to take native mammals or birds, to engage in harmful interference, to enter specially designated areas, to introduce species to antarctica, to introduce substances designated as pollutants, to dis: antarctic conservation act of 1978
this act generally prohibits commercial activities, motorized access, and infrastructure developments in congressionally designated areas: endangered american wilderness act of 1978
Provides for right of access to non federally owned land and to prserve scenic and geological values associated with natural landscapes. it also provided for the maintenance of the habitat and wildlife species that are valuable to the state of alaska and: alaskan national interest lands conervation act (alaska lands act) of 1980
this act designated various undeveloped coastal barrier islands, depicted by specific maps, for inclusion in the coastal barrier resources system (System). areas so designated were made ineligible for direct or indirect federal financial assistance that: coastal barrier resources act of 1982
allowed lower commodity price and income supports and established a dairy herd buyout program.: food security act of 1985.
coral reefs are formed by...: polyps
coral reefs are made from?: limestone, calcium carbonate
what gives polyps (and coral reefs!) their color?: zooxanthellae
bottom dwellers: benthos
examples of nekton: fish, turtles, whales
examples of benthos: barnacles, oysters, worms, lobsters, crabs
plant plankton is...: phytoplankton
animal plankton are?: zooplankton
filter feeders include: barnacles, clams, oysters, sponges, baleen whales
endemic species are: specific to one habitat
layer where photosynthesis is carried out in the ocean: euphotic zone
coastal zone is from: shallow water from the high tide mark to the continental shelf
river mouths, inlets, bays, sounds, mangroves, salt marshes are all: coastal wetlands
a temp increase of how muh can cause coral bleaching?: 1 degree celsius
the mid section of the ocean: bathyal zone
bottom zone of ocean: abyssal
these take mud into their guts and extract nutrients in the abyssal zone: deposit feeder (like worms)
lakes are caused by...: glaciation, crustal displacement, volcanic activity
shallow, highly productive zone in lakes: littoral zone
open, top zone in lakes: limnetic zone
deep open water in lakes: profundal zone
bottom zone of lakes: benthic
poorly nourished lakes: oligotrophic
lakes with clear water, steep sides, and deep rocky bottoms: oligotrophic
well nourished lake: eutrophic
lakes with shallow sides and muddy bottoms and muddy water: eutrophic
top layer of warm water in lakes: epilimnion
cold water layer in lakes: hypolimnion
where lotic systems start. headwaters, waterfalls, and rapids: source zone
gentler, warmer lotic waters: transition zones
broad, wide rivers. very warm, less oxygen: floodplain zone
interxn between two species where both species benefit: mutualism
three factors affeting species diversity: latitude in terrestrial zommunities, depth in aquatic systems, polltn in aquatic systems
in terrestrial biomes, does species diversity go up with elevation: no!!!
intraspecific competition: between members of same species
interspecific competition: between diff species
one species limits another's access to a resouce regardless of the abundance of that resource: interference competition
competing species have same access to a resource, but differ in how fast/ efficiently they exploit it: exploitation competition
two species requiring same resource can't coexist indefinitely in a system without enough of the resource to meet needs of both species: competitive exclusion principle
divide scarce resources so species with similar needs use them at different times, in different ways, or in different places: resource partitioning
species develop phusical, behavioral adaptations that allow them to use different resources: character displacement
cataceans include: whales!!! marine mammals!
toothed whales: porpoise, sperm whales, killer whales
baleen whales: blue, gray, humpback, finback
warm fronts lead to: drizzle!
cold fronts lead to: thunderstorms!
succulent plants are common in: desert biomes
broadleaf evergreen plants are common in: wet, tropical reain forsts
broadleaf deciduous plants: oaks and maples. shed leaves and are dormant in the winter
coniferous evergreen plants: common way up norht. keep needles all year.
three types of deserts: tropical deserts, temperate deserts, cold deserts
area between desert and grasslands: semidesert
these cause what to persist? seawsonal drought, grazing by large herbivoers, periodic trees: grassland
kinds of grasslands: tropical grasslands (savanna), temperate grasslands (tall grass and short grass prairies), polar grasslands (arctic trundra)
perenially frozen layer of soil formed when h20 freezes there: permafrost
this is above the limit of tree growth and below the permanent snowline on high mtnsmore sunlight than artic tundra and no permafrost: alpine tundra
coastal areas with med climates: temperate shurbland (chaparral)
types of forest: tropical rainforst, tropical deciduous forests (tropical monsson/ seasonal forests)l, temperate deciduous forests, evergreen coniferous forest (boreal forests, taiga), temperate rainforests (coastal coniferous forests)
population viability assessment: risk assment predicting the probability of a popltn persisting a certain number of generation dbased on the current popltn size and habitat condition
minimum dynamic area: takes into account home range size, colonies of endangered species, availability of nearby popltns
limited diversity of individuals founding a popltn not large enough to sustain the popltn: founder effect
only a few individuals survive to perpetuate a popltn after a disaster: demographic bottleneck
unequal reproductive success. some genes dominate: genetic drift
most reintroductions fail because of: lack of suitable habitat, inability of individuals bred in captivity to survive in the wild, renewed overhunting/ capture of returned species
primary things determining an area's climate: average temperature and average precipitation
leeward side of mountain gets less precipitation: rain shadow effect
what determines earth's average temp?: thermal cap
example of a tropical desert: sahara
example of a temperate desert: mojave
example of a cold desert: gobi desert
here, temps are high year round and there are few plants. hard, windblown surfaces with rocks and sand: tropical desert
daytime temps are high in the summer, low in the winter.: temperate desert
perennial shrubs in deserts have what adaptation?: grow deep roots to tap groundwater. drop leaves in dry weather
these have crazy efficient kidneys and live in the desert: kangaroo rats!!
regions with enough annual precip to allow grass and sometimes trees to propser but with erratic precip. found on the interiors of continents.: grasslands
areas with high average temp, low to moderate precip and a prolonged dry season. wide belt on either side of the equator beyond the borders of tropical rain forests: tropical grasslands
vast plains and gently rolling hills in interior north and south american, europe, and asia. they lack trees and have seasonal extremes of hot and cold rather than wt and dry.: temperate grasslands
in s america, temperate grasslands are called...: pampas
in africa, temperate grasslands are called: veldt
in central europe and asia, temperate grasslands are called: steppes
these cover 10% of the earth's land surface. occur just south of the arctic polar ice cap.: polar grasslands
undisturbed area with moderate-high average annual precipitation. various species of trees and smaller vegitation: forest
warm annual mean temp, high humidity, daily heavy rainfall. biodiversity is based on a need for sunlight: tropical rainforest
these are climbing vines that root in the soil and have leaves in the canopy: lianas
these attach to trunks and branches of canopy trees and obtain nutrients from bits of organic matter falling from canopy: epiphytes
these are warm year round with monssons and dry seasons.: tropical decidusous forests
tropical monsson and tropical seasonal forests are: tropical deciduous forests
moderate precip, long warm summer, cold but not severe winter, abundant and even precip: temperate, deciduous forests
just south of the arctic tundra in north america, asia, europe. winters are long, cold, dry, with little sunlight. summers are short with mild temps anda long day.: evergreen coniferous forest
soil in thin, nutrient poor, acidic, and prevents most plants from growing: evergreen coniferous forest
in the summer, the soil makes acidic bogs called muskegs: evergreen coniferous forest
boreal forests and taigas are: evergreen coniferous forest
scattered coastal temperate areas with much rainfall and dense fogs: temperate rainforests
temperate rainforests are: coastal coniferous forests

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