ANTIHISTAMINES
Terms
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- Type of immune system response which depends on T cells.
- Cell Mediated response
- In AIDS, the helper T cell levels drop to what number?
- almost zero
- Type of immune response that depends on B cell system?
- Humoral
- What system is activated during humoral immune response?
- complement system
- What system is the antibody response occur?
- complement system
- What are the 3 chemical mediators released to cause vasodilation?
- bradykinins, prostaglandins, histamines
- Why does pain result during inflammation?
- edema and effects of histamine and bradykinin on nerve endings
- What is a type of exaggerated immune response?
- Hypersensitivity reaction
- What are some of the symptoms of a hypersensitive allergic reaction?
- rhinitis, wheezing, red/teary eyes
- What antibodies attach to the mast cells?
- IgE
- What cell is formed upon first exposure to antigen?
- mast cell
- What is released upon the 2nd exposure to an antigen (if allergic)?
- histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins
- What receptors on cells are ready for activation?
- H1 receptors
- Increased or decreased BP with cardiac response to allergic reaction?
- decreased
- What 2 things happen in GI tract upon allergic reaction?
- smooth muscle contarction and incrased parietal cell secretion
- Name the indications for use of antihistamines for allergic reaction. (5)
- Allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, uritcaria, angioedema (submucosal swellin in the hands, face and feet), adjunctive therapy in anaphylaxis
- What are some additional clinical uses for antihistamines?
- nausea/vomitting, motion sickness, vertigo, pre-op sedation, prophylactic to prevent transfusion reactions, sleep aid, parkinsons, tx of side effects of antipsychotic medications
- Name the major adverse effects of antihistamines (6)
- CNS depression results in sedation; loss of appetite, nausea and vomitting, constipation, diarrhea, anticholinergic
- If patient has a weak cough, should they take antihistamines and why/why not?
- NO! B/c a lung diseased patient will worsen; wheeze, dried up secretions are not able to be coughed up.
- What are the 3 basic types of interactions that occur with antihistamines?
-
-Additive/cumulative effect
-Antihistamines may block or reverse the effects of another drug
-antihistamines may mask the toxic sympoms of another drug or infection - What effect do antihistamines have on children?
- cause excitability
- How are most antihistamines administered?
- IM- Z track
- dimenhydrinate
- Dramamine
- diphenhydramine
- Benadryl
- chlorpheniramine
- Chlor-Trimeton
- 2 antihistamines replaced by Allegra and why?
-
asystemizole (Hismanal)
terfenadine (Seldane)
b/c they cause serious interactions with Erythromycin (cardiac arrythmias) - loratadine
- Claritin
- Name the 4 long acting antihistamines that produce less CNS effects(do not cause sedation)
- Hismanal, Seldane, Allegra, and Claritin