Antibiotics inhibition of cell wal synthesis
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- What are the three antibiotics related to the inhibition of cell wall synthesis?
- Penicillin cephalosporin and polypeptide antibiotics
- What is penicillin effective against?
- gram (+) bacterial cells.
- What are the antibiotics that are derivatives of penicillin?
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Amoxacillin
oxacillin
menthicillin
ampacillin - What feature does penicillin have?
- B-lactamase ring
- What are the two main forms of penicillin?
- Penicillin G which can be injected and penicillin V which can be taken orally
- What is important about amoxacillin?
- extended spectrum antibiotic, is effective against gram - and +. Is still susceptible to b-lactamase.
- what are the features of menthicillin?
- It is not used in the United States anymore because there is more than a 20% resistance to it. MRSA. It is b-lactamse resistant.
- What are the features of potassium clavulanate?
- a natural micriobial inhibito of b-lactamse. It is often combined with amoxacillin
- What are the features of the cepholasporins?
- They are from the cepholasporin spp. family, they are similar to penicillins in structure, they are resistant to b-lactamse, but are susceptible to some cepholasporinases, and they are more broad than penicillins.
- What are the polypeptide antibiotics?
- bacitracin and vancomysin
- what are the feature of bacitracin?
- effective primarily against gram (+), devired from bacillus spp. used for cuts and abrasions, natural microbial polypeptide
- what are the features of vancomysin?
- It is an antibiotic used against MRSA infection. Very narrow spectrum. devrived from streptomyces spp. natural polypeptide.
- What are the antimycobacterials?
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Isoniazid
Ethambutol - What are the features of isoniazid?
- A fully synthetic drugs that inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acid, allowing the antibiotic to penetrate the cell with MACs
- What are the features of ethambutol?
- a synthetic drug that prohibits the insertion of mycolic acid into the cell wall. Used in conjunction with isoniazid to reduce chances of resistance.
- What are the protein synthesis inhibitors (translation inhibitors)?
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chloramphenicol
aminoglycides
tetracyclines
macrolides
streptogramins
oxazolidinones - What are the features of chloramphenicol?
-
a broad spectrum antibiotic.
all synthetically made
very cheap to produce
naturally produced by streptomyces spp.
highly toxic to host cell-suppression of bone marrow activity-immune response - What are the aminoglycosides?
-
streptomycin
gentamicin - What are the features of streptomysin?
-
Important in the fight against TB
highly toxic-hearing loss, kidney damage
rapid development of resistance - What is the feature of gentimicin?
- it is important against pseudomonas infections
- What are the features of the tetracyclines?
-
broad spectrum translation inhibitor
produced by streptomyces spp.
helps against gram (-) and (+) also the rickettsias and the chlmydias.
highly destructive against normal flora, which can lead to superinfections, mainly candida albicans (yeats infection) - What are the different macrolides?
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Erythoromycin
Azithromycin - What are the features of erythromycin?
-
gets trapped in the LPS of gram (-)
only effective against gram (+) bacteria
can be a alternative for penicillin - what are the features of azithromycin?
-
broader activiyt spectrum than erythromycin
important for fighting STDS
costly - what are the features of the streptogramins?
-
semisynthetic
developed in response to Vancomysin resistant gram (+)-strep, staph, enterics
costly
high toxicity - What are the features of the oxalidinones?
-
developed in response to VRE and MRSA
only effective against gram (+)
totally synthetic (slower resistance) - What antibiotic disrupt the plasma membrane?
-
bacitracin
polymyxn B
neomycin - what are the features of bactiracin, polymyxin and neomycin?
-
They are often over the counter
are found in ointments
polymyxin b is specifically for gram (-) like pseudomonas aeruginosa
bacitracin is effective against gram (+)
neomycin is broad spectrum with high toxicity - What antibiotics inhibit the synthesis of nucleic acids?
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Rifamycins
Fluoroquinolones - what are the features of rifamycins?
-
they inhibit transcription
most important for helping with mycobacterium tb
structually similar to macrolides
penetrate host cells well
semi synthetic
commonly used by HIV/AIDS patients. - What are the features of the fluoroquinolones?
-
ciproflaxin-which is best against gram (-)
broad spectrum
cipro helps with:
UTIS
anthrax
enterics
lower respiratory tract infections - What are the antibiotics that inhibit metabolite synthesis?
- sulfanamides (sulfa drugs)
- what do the fungal drugs target?
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fungal sterols
fungal cell walls - what is only found in fungi?
- ergosterols
- what are the antifungal drugs?
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polyenes
allylamines
azoles - What are the features of polyenes?
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it binds to ergosterol and causes cell well permeability
ex) amphotericin B effective against systemic mycoses infections - what are the features of azoles and allylamines?
-
synthetic drugs
inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis
ex) myconazole-used to fight cutaneous mycoses infections (topical) - what drugs target fungal cell walls?
- Echinocandins-which
- What are the targets for antiviral drugs?
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attatchment
penetration
uncoating
DNA/RNA syntheis
maturation - What are the HIV/AIDS drugs?
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reverse transcriptase inhibitors
protease inhibitors - What are the features of the HIV/AIDS drugs?
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Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors- inhibitos reverse transcriptase which is required for antriviruses to reproduce
protease inhibitors-inhibit protease to make new HIV proteins - What drugs are used for influenza?
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amantadine
rimantadine
These inhibit uncoating...because of resistance these were not used during the 2006-2007 flu season.
Zanamivir(relenza)
oseltamivir(tamaflu)
inhibits neuraminidase which is essential for virions release from a cell. - What are the interferon based drugs?
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interferon-a-used to combat viral hepatitis
imiquimod-a drug that that stimulates the production of interferons - explain abx resistance in pseudomonas aeruginosa
-
some strains are CIPr
some are IPMr-when it has a decreased expression of OprD, which is the only way impenin can get into the cell - What is transformation?
- when naked DNA is shared between to bacterial cells
- What is transduction?
- When one phage connects to a bacterial cell, takes some of its DNA and then goes onto another bacterial cell and shares it
- what is conjugation?
- when DNA is shared via a sex pilus.