Anthropology Exam one 2
Terms
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- Sex Linked Traits
- trait codes for by a gene on a sex chromosome
- Recessive
- An allele that is expressed when inherited by both parents
- Humans
- are animal species share common ancestors with primates. Similar to other primates
- Habitual Bipedalism
- Humans are habitual bipedalism
- Cultural Anthropology
- Anthropologists live with a different culture and leans and studies their culture
- Archaeology Antrhopology
- Dig up artifacts that are left behind by people who are no longer living
- Linguistics Anthropology
- study of language
- Biological Anthropology
- human evolution, evolution of non-primates. Fossil records, genetics, primatology
- Osteology
- study of bones
- evolution
- change over time
- spontaneous generation
- everything on the planet was created/generated at a certain time. (divine creation)
- How old is the earth
- 4004 b.c.
- 1700's
- Age of enlightenment. science shifted to an emphasis on empirical data. Spontaneous generation does not fall w/empirical thought.
- empirical
- knowledge gained by experience, gained through the senses.
- Linnaeus
- put together first classification system of organisms.
- taxonomy
- grouping of animals that share characteristics. (eg. mammals)
- genus/species
- homo/sapiens homo/erectus
- Lamarck
- french scientist, proposed evolution. theory of acquired traits, thought if you acquired traits, you could pass on.
- catatrophism
- extinction due to catastrophic events
- Malthus
- english economist looked at life forms and resources of dependance. populations tend to increase, resulting in competition for natural resources, which results in differential survival.
- Lyell
- one of the geologists that studied Strata and came up with the unifomitarianism, (takes a long time) of change
- Punctuated equilibrium
- putts catatrophism and uniformitarianism together
- uniformitarianism
- things take a long time to change
- Darwin
-
published "orgin of species by means of natural selection"
5 years on a ship, collecting plants and animal specimens, sent back to england to stukdy. - wallace
- nat selection also. co-presented papers with Darwin
- selective force
- the aspects of environment that demand change (eg. diet)
- Darwin's 4 theory of evolution via natural selection
-
1)variation exists between a species
2)population increase
3)resources are finite, limited
3)survival of the fittest - economy of nature
- when organism reaches stopping point in environment because no change is needed (sharks)
- tempo of evolution
- long, slow process, lengthy. very small changes
- gaps
- the source of new variants.pattern of inheritance.
- Gregor Mendel
- 1866 (published) Mendel cross pollunated pea plants over and over again, and ended up with lots of generations of pea plants and studied the characteristics. traits such as tall, shrot, color of flower (purple or white) green or yellow peas round or wrinkled.
- Mendel's 4 princples
-
1)inheritance. one particle from each parent. each allele is descrete-meaning maintains the individual identity it pairs with another, but does not combine.
2)principle of segregation-prior to offspring, each pair of alleles seperates each allele contained in seperate gamete cells.
3)principle of independant assortment-each pair of alleles has one trait of each trait, not 2 of one trait
4)principle of dominance and recessiveness - allele
- variant of gene (genes code for trait)
- multiple allele series
- more than 2 alleles (ex.- ABO blood group. 3 varients, alleles gene that codes for blood type)
- Genotype
- AA aa Aa
- Phenotype
- physical. all the traits that make you.
- what is a cell made of
-
cytoplasm-outside
nucleus-inside, where the chromosomes
chromosomes- are in the nucleaus, containing genetic material. - how many chromosome do humans have?
- 23 pairs=46 individual
- what are the 1-22 cells called?
- autosome and they come in pairs
- xx and xy?
- female and male
- locus
- particular locations on a chromosome
- zygote
- the chromosomes in a pair are exactly alike.
- chromosome
- DNA molecule
- DNA
- blueprint of you made of amino acids and proteins. Organisms made up of proteins.
- Mitosis
- continous process. cells dies, news ones are made through this process. prior to division, duplicate is made. then they line up in the nucleus and divide. each new cell divides and carries on.
- Meiosis
- gamete formation (egg, sperm) formaiton. final phase, you have cells that contain 23 pair of eahc chromosome. pair does not replicate. line up and cell divide. this ends formation of egg or sperm, only happens in ovaries or testes.
- what can natural selection work on?
- the individual, not the genetic material. Goes natural selection--fitness (reproductive success)-pass on genes
- genetic mutation
- creates new alleles.
- point mutations
- effects alleles of one gene. (eg. sickle cell allele resulted from the deletion of gene. if you have 2 alleles you get the disease)
- chromosomal mutations
- involves more than one gene. this allele trades places w/another. you can be missing an entire allele-eg. trisomy 21. (downs syndrome)- 21st is smallest chromosome, 3 copies of chromosome instead of 2.
- Mutation a bad thing??
- Not always, the more variation a population contains, good thing.
- what can increase mutations?
- environmental factors like--heat, sun, nicotine. In order to be important the mutation needs to be in the gamete. IT IS RANDOM. Mutations do not happen because the environment needs it.
- Mutation adaptive-
- it is equipped to live in an environment.
- Mutation nonadaptive
- not equipped, tends to decrease fitness success, not passed on as frequently, selected against.
- Mutation neutral
- no effect
- Autosomal dominant
- just need one copy of the gene to express
- autosomal recessive
- need two copies to express (only one copy means just carrier)
- y linked
- always will be expressed. y has very little genetic material
- examples of autosomal dominant disorders
- huntington disease. is passed on because this shows up later in life.
- macroevolution
- accumulation of microevolutionanry changes over many generations. documented in fossil record
- habitat
- the environment(your address)
- niche
- the role a species in a habitat. your job, resource utilization. ie-nocturnal primates and active day time primates
- species
- a population that can reproduce together, one species can not reproduce with another species
- microevolution
- natural selection. happens at the individual level. changes in the allele frequencies from generation to generation.
- what are the evolutionary forces
-
1-mutation
2-nat-selection
3-genetic
4-gene flow
5-migration
5-non-randommating - genetic drift
- Random fluctuation of alleles in a population. greater effect in small population when no new genes are introduced
- gene flow
- when genetic material is transferred but not permanent.
- non-random mating
- getting to choose who to mate with. can change allele frequency.
- bottleneck
- drastic reduction in # number of individuals in a population
- selective forces of environment
- an aspect of environment that results differental fitness (reproductive success)
- physiological adaptation
- developmental adaptation (high altitude- greater lung volume if grow up at higher altitude)
- hypoxia
- ups red cells production
- behavioral adaptation
- the main way humans adapt
- biomedical anthropology
- loos at disease patterns
- infectious
- defined to be caused by external,organism that comes into the body (micro-organism)
- contageous
- from human to human
- non-contagous
- can't go from human to human. needs a vector, that can transfer it. ie-malaria-mosquito
- degenerative
- getting older, more diseases
- factors
- genetic, environmental. (diet, pollution)
- endemic
- always there, no rapid increase (malaria)
- epidemic
- very dramatic increase in # of cases.
- pandemic
- epidemic over large geographical area. (AIDS, bubonic plague--killed 20 mill europeans in 6 years)