Anthropology 2000 Exam 1

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What is Anthropology?: The study of humankind
The scope of anthropology is...: Broad, including geographical and historical information
The Holistic Approach is...: Multifaceted and covers many aspects of culture
Divisions of anthropology include...: Biological, Cultural, and Applied
Biological anthropology includes what three things?: 1. Human Paleontology
2. Primatology
3. Human Variation
What does a paleoanthropologist study?: Human origins and evolution
What does human variation include?: 1. Human genetics
2. Population biology
3. Epidemiology
What does Cultural Anthroplogy include?: 1. Archaeology
2. Linguistics
3. Ethnology
What is Archaeology?: The study of past cultures and material remains
If something is prehistoric it is...: Before written record
If something is historic it is...: Recent societies with a written record
Anthroplogical Lingusitics covers what three things?: 1. Historical
2. Structural
3. Social Lingustics
What is ethnology?: The study of why people differ
What are some different kinds of Ethologists?: 1. Ethnographer (feild work)
2. Ethnohistorian (studies change and writeen documentry)
3. Cross-culcutre researcher (particular characteristics)
About half of professional anthropologists are what?: Applied Anthropologists.
Specializations in applied anthropology...: 1. Geograhically
2. Historically
3. Subject matter
4. Theoretical Orientation
Artifacts, ecofacts, fossils, and features are what?: Common kinds of Archaeological evidence
What is an artifact?: Something that is made or modified by humans.
What is an ecofact?: A natural object used or modified (food, bones, pollen, insects)
What is a fossil?: A hardened remain or impression.
What are the two different kinds of dating?: Relative and absolute
What is relative dating?: A dating system in which you relate one specimen/deposit to another
Stratigraphy, indicator fossils, and chemical measures are examples of what?: Relative dating processes
What is absolute dating?: Measure in years
Radio Carbon, Electron spin resonance, potassium-argon, and the uranium series are examples of what?: Absolute dating processes
What are the three elements that amounts of are compared in chemical relative dating?: Fluorine, uranium, and nitrogen
An absolute dating method which works on organic matter by measuring radio active decay and doesn't work after 50,000 years is...: Radio Carbon
What is paleomagnetic dating?: This is a dating process which works on rocks, hearths, pottery kins, and metal workshops where the earth/rock/metal has been melted and cooled because the molecules realign with earths moving magnetic feild
What is potassium-argon dating?: This dating process works on volcanic material by measureing radioactive K-40 which becomes Ar-40 after time... this process is only accurate for three billion years
Linnaeus, Lamarck, Cuvier, Lyell, and Darwin where what?: Early Naturalists
The "systema naurae" which classified plants and animals and whose framework suggested common ancestors was set up by which man?: Who is Carolus Linnaeus?
Who is Jean Baptist Lamarck?: The belief in which aquired changes in life were passed to the offspring was thought up by this man.
Who was Georges Cuvier?: He believed in catastrophism and got the fized species replaced.
Who wrote the "Principles of Geology", believed in uniformitarianism, and that the earth is old?: Who is Charles Lyell
Who was Charles Darwin?: He wrote the origin of species and fathered the idea of natural selection.
British moths, houseflies, and bacteria are examples of what?: These are observed examples of evolution.
Who is the father of heredity?: Gregor Mendel
What kind of plant did Gregor Mendel use in his expriments?: Pea plants
What defines genetic drift?: This is a random process which happens in a small population where one gene is frequent by chance.
What is gene flow?: This is the pass of genes from one population to another that decreases differences.
Gene flow and genetic drift are examples of what?: Variation on the population level.
The Lemurs, Loris-likes, and tarsiers are what?: Prosimians.
What are the three groups of Anthropoids?: 1. New World Monkeys
2. Old World Monkeys
3. Hominiods
Anthropoids that vary in size, are arboreal, have prehensile tails, and are basically quadropedal are...: New World Monkies
Anthropoids that are widely distributed in Africa & Asia, can use aboreal and terrestrial locomothion and are quadropedal are...: Old World Monkeys
What are the three kinds of Hominiods?: 1. The Lesser Apes
2. The Greater Apes
3. Humans.
Gibbons and siamang are...: Examples of Lesser Apes
Orangutan, gorilla, and chimpanzee are...: Examples of Great Apes
Lesser apes are located in: Tropical SE Asia
A brochiation (aboreal) swing is done by...: The lesser apes
The Orangutan lives...: In Borneo and Sumatra and are aboreal-climbers
Where do gorillas live?: Africa.
What do gorillas eat?: Leaes, stems, and roots
How do gorillas walk?: They knuckle walk on the ground
Are gorillas sexually dimorphic?: Yes.
Who dominates a gorilla group?: The "silverback" male.
Where does the Chimpanzee live?: Africa.
What does the chimpanzee eat?: Fruit, insects, lizards, birds, and even other monkies.
Are chimpanzees aboreal or terrestrial?: Mostly terrestrial, knuckle walk on ground, they do climb though
When did the earliest primates emerge and what were they?: The Eocene and they were prosimians
What was the environment like when primates started emerging?: Many plants and animals went extinct in the beginning of the paleoscene
How was the climate when the primates started emerging?: The Paleocene was cooler, swamplands started to disappear, large trees with fruit were common, and flowering trees and plants showed up
Primates probably evolved from this...: Insectivores
What did insectivores eat?: Uh.. insects.
What happened to miocene apes?: Monkeys and Apes diverged and there were numerous apes in europe, asia, and africa
What happened to late miocene apes?: Apes diversify and move into many areas, their fossils were abundant in europe and asia
What is the molecular clock?: Studies compared blook proteins, amino acids, chromosomes and DNA strands
How is a hominid defined?: Defined by being bipedal
Where was the first undisputed evidence of hominids?: East Africa
What events favored the evolution of pipedal locomotion?: Less rainforestsand more savannas where first hominids were found
Being able to spot predators in tall grasses, carry food home, harvesteing seeds and nuts, carry tools/weapons, long distance travel, and regulating body temperature are all what?: Theories for the evolution of bipedalism
What was the first definite hominid?: Australopithecus, which was a genus.. there were several different species
What were the two groups of Australopithecus?: Gracile and Robust
What was the australopithecus anamensis?: The earliest australopithecine, which was found in east africa and was the gracile type
What was the australopithecus afarensis?: The best presented species, gracile in type and found in east africa
What is important about Laetoli, Tanzania?: Several australopithecus afarensis were found there as well as footprints in ash which proved bipedal locomotion
What is important about Hadar, Ethiopia?: This is the site with the most complete finds for afarensis, including Lucy
What was australopithecus africanus?: A gracile type found in south africa
What was the Taung child and who discovered it?: This was the first australopithcine discovered and it was credited to Raymond Dart
How was the Taung child evidence of early bipedal hominids?: It had "foramen magnum" hold under skull
What was the Australopithecus Aethiopus?: This was the earliest robust type and was found in east africa.
What was teh austraolpithecus robustus?: This was a robust type found in south africa tha was a vegetarian with large back teeth
Which hominid line when extinct?: The robust line.
Where in east africa where the early hominid tools found?: Ethiopia.
What was found at Olduvai?: Numerous stone tools.
What were some trends in hominid evolution?: They increased in tool making and had a reduction of face, teeth, and jaws
Where were most of the early homos found?: East Africa.
Where was homo erectus found and what was special about it?: East Africa, first species widely distrubuted in Old World (first to leave Africa)
What was important about Zhoukoudian?: It was an important H. eretus site and is where the "Peking Man" was found in the 1930s
Long low skulls and prominent brow ridges were physical characteristics of...: Homo erectus
Who was responsible for a stone tool called "acheulian"?: H. Erectus
Where was there evidence of big game eating?: Torralba and Ambrona, Spain.
Where were most of the achulian sites?: Terra Amata, in the French Riveria. (Homo erectus campsites)

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