ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY - Muscoskeletal
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- What is the meaning of visceral?
- Visceral means pertaining to any larger interior organs in the great body cavities.
- What is regurgitation?
- Regurgitation is a backward flowing.
- What is the meaning of inspiratory?
- Inspiratory is the inspiration of air to lungs.
- What is atrophy?
- Atrophy is a decrease in size of a normally developed organ.
- What is the meaning of synaptic?
- Synaptic pertains to the junction between processes of two neurons.
- What are combining forms for joint?
- Arthro and articulo are combining forms for joint.
- What is fascia?
- Fascia is a muscle covering.
- What is the common name for the radius and ulna?
- The radius and the ulna are the forearm bones.
- What is the common name for carpus?
- Carpus are the wrist bones.
- What is the common name for metacarpus?
- Metacarpus are the hand bones.
- What is the common name for the coccyx?
- The coccyx is the tailbone.
- What is the common name for the femur?
- The common name for the femur is the thighbone.
- What is the common name for the tibia?
- The tibia is the shinbone.
- What is the common name for the tarsus?
- The tarsus are the ankle bones.
- What is the common name for the metatarsus?
- The metatarsus are the foot bones.
- What are phalanges?
- Phalanges are the bones of fingers and toes.
- What are the 3 types of muscle tissues?
- The 3 types of muscle tissues are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
- What controls the amount of movement of muscles?
- The central nervous system controls the amount of movement of muscles.
- What is the appearance of skeletal muscle?
- Skeletal muscle has cross-section striations.
- What is the purpose of ligaments?
- Ligaments support and stabilize.
- What are the 2 main regions of a muscle?
- The 2 main regions of a muscle are the belly and the tendon.
- What is the purpose of a tendon?
- The purpose of a tendon is to attach muscles to muscles or muscles to bone.
- Where is smooth muscle found?
- Smooth muscle is found in internal or visceral organs.
- What is the difference between the origin and insertion of a muscle?
- The origin has stability with a limited amount of movement, while the insertion has greater movement.
- What are aponeuroses?
- Aponeuroses are muscle to muscle joining areas.
- What is a common aponeuroses?
- A common aponeuroses is the linea alba.
- Why is the belly of the muscle the best site to give an injection?
- The belly is the thickest region of the muscle with the majority of the blood supply creation good distribution.
- Which 2 muscle types have involuntary actions?
- The cardiac and smooth muscles have involuntary actions.
- In which type of muscle do the cells contract individually?
- In cardiac muscle the cells contract individually when stimulated.
- What 3 types of muscle actions must work together for one movement to occur?
- The prime mover, antagonist, and synergist must all work together to create one movement.
- What are the 4 muscle movements?
- The 4 muscle movements are flexor, extensor, adductor, and abductor.
- What are the 3 types of muscle actions?
- The prime mover, the antagonist, and the synergist.
- What is the purpose of the flexor action?
- The flexor action decreases the angle of a joint.
- What is the purpose of the extensor action?
- The extensor action increases the angle of a joint.
- What is the prime mover?
- The prime mover is the muscle that is directly producing the desired movement.
- What is the antagonist?
- The antagonist is the muscle that directly opposes the prime mover.
- What is the synergist?
- The synergist is the muscle that aids in action of the prime mover.
- What are 6 types of naming conventions for muscles?
- Muscles are named according to action, shape, location, direction of fibers, number of heads, and attachment sites.
- How are attachment sites used to name muscles?
- Attachment sites combine the origin and insertion of a muscle to create a name.
- What are 6 main regions for muscles in animals?
- Animals have muscle regions in the cutaneous, head and neck, abdominal, thoracic limbs, pelvic limbs, and respiration areas.
- What is the most common neurotransmitter?
- The most common neurotransmitter is acetyl choline.
- What is the purpose of muscles in the head and neck region?
- Muscles in the head and neck region are responsible for chewing, movement of sensory organs, facial expressions, extension and flexion of head.
- What is the purpose of muscles in the abdominal region?
- The purpose of muscles in the abdominal region are for respiration, to provide strength for lifting or bending, and for back support.
- What common ailments can affect the muscles in the abdominal region?
- Vomiting, diarrhea, and coughing can all affect the muscles in the abdominal region.
- What is the purpose of the muscles in the thoracic limbs?
- The purpose of the muscles in the thoracic limbs are to provide movement.
- What is the purpose of the muscles in the pelvic limb region?
- The purpose of muscles in the pelvic limb region are to provide locomotion and propulsion as well as a driving force of movement.
- What is the main job of muscles used for respiration?
- The main job of muscles used for respiration are to increase and decrease the size of thoracic cavity.
- What muscle is the primary mover for inspiratory action?
- The primary mover for inspiration is the diaphragm.
- What is the primary mover for expiratory action?
- The primary mover for expiration is the intercostal muscle group.
- What is a brief description of the muscle contraction process?
- Muscle contraction begins with stimuli being perceived by a nerve, when then travels down axon to synaptic space, then the impulse generates production of acetylcholine which floods the synaptic space, the impulse then triggers a release of stored calcium onto muscle fibers causing them to contract or extend.
- What 3 major muscles are in the pelvic limb region?
- The 3 major muscles of the pelvic limb are the gluteal, quadriceps femoris, and the gastrocnemius.
- What is the purpose of the gluteal muscle?
- The gluteal muscle moves the hip.
- What is the origin and insertion of the gluteal muscle?
- The origin of the gluteal muscle is the ilium and the insertion is the femur.
- What is the purpose of the quadriceps femoris?
- The quadriceps femoris extends the knee.
- What is the origin and insertion of the quadriceps femoris?
- The origin of the quadriceps femoris is the femur and the insertion is the tibial tuberosity.
- What is the purpose of the gastrocnemius?
- The gastrocnemius extends the tarsus.
- What is the origin and insertion of the gastrocnemius?
- The origin of the gastrocnemius is the tibia and fibula, and the insertion is the calcaneous.
- What are the 3 main muscles composing the hamstring group?
- Muscles in the hamstring group include the biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus.
- What is the purpose of the biceps femoris?
- The biceps femoris flexes knee and extends the hip.
- What is the origin and insertion of the biceps femoris?
- The origin of the biceps femoris is the ischium and the insertion is the fibula.
- What is the purpose of the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles?
- The semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles flex the knee.
- What is the origin and insertion of the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles?
- The insertion of the semibranosus and semitendinosus muscles is the ischium and the insertion is the tibia.
- What major muscle is located in the thoracic limb?
- The major muscle in the thoracic limb is the triceps brachii.
- What is the purpose of the triceps brachii?
- The purpose of the triceps brachii is to extend the forearm.
- What is the origin and insertion of the triceps brachii?
- The origin of the triceps brachii is the humerus and the insertion is the olecranon of ulna.
- What is the purpose of the trapezius muscle?
- The trapezius muscle extends the head and provides movement of scapula.
- Where are injections most commonly administered in ruminants?
- Injections are most commonly done on ruminants in the trapezius muscle.
- What is the origin and insertion of the trapezius muscle?
- The origin of the trapezius muscle is the occipital bones and thoracic vertebra and the insertion is the scapula.
- What is the purpose of the pectoral muscles?
- The pectoral muscles adduct and flex forearm.
- What is the origin and insertion of the pectoral muscles?
- The origin of the pectoral muscles is the sternum and the insertion is the humerus.
- What muscles are used to administer heartworm treatment?
- The epaxial muscles are used for heartworm treatment.
- Where are the epaxial muscles located?
- The epaxial muscles are located in the lumbar area along either side of the vertebrae.
- What is the purpose of the epaxial muscles?
- The purpose of the epaxial muscles is to flex spine.
- What is the purpose of the masseter muscles?
- The masseter muscles close the jaws.
- Where are the masseter muscles located?
- The masseter muscles are found on the lateral aspect of the mandible.
- What is the purpose of the diaphragm muscle?
- The purpose of the diaphragm is to act as the primary mover for inspiration.
- Where is the diaphragm located?
- The diaphragm is located between the abdominal and thoracic cavities.
- What is avulsion?
- Avulsion is the tearing away of a structure or part.
- What is the cause of a decubital ulcer?
- Decubital ulcers are caused by local interference with circulation.
- What is a fistula?
- A fistula is any abnormal tube-like passage within body tissue.
- What is labitvage?
- Lavage is a process of washing out or irrigating.
- What are some common external causes for muscle pathologies?
- Muscle pathologies can be caused by snakebite, gunshot, bite wounds, decubital ulcers, tendonitis, sprains, strains, lacerations, degloving, and chronic wounds.
- What are the odds that tissue sloughing will occur with a snakebite?
- There is a 95% chance that tissue will slough with a snakebite.
- What are the 2 causes of necrosis of tissues with a snakebite?
- Venom and bacteria causes necrosis of the tissues.
- What is the most important initial goal in treating snakebite?
- The most important action to take in treating snakebite is to keep animal quiet and calm.
- How should a snakebite be treated?
- Snakebites are treated by lavaging and cleaning wound, administering antibiotics, treating as highly infected wound, close monitoring, and managing as open wound.
- What is the first step in managing a gunshot wound?
- The first step in managing a gunshot wound is to stabilize patient.
- Why must animals always be given an antibiotic when being treated for a gunshot wound?
- Animals must be administed antibiotics when being treated for a gunshot wound due to the contamination.
- After a gunshot patient has been stabilized, what is the next step?
- The next step in treating a gunshot wound is to take x-rays to ensure that bone has not be compromised.
- How much PSI can a bite wound exert?
- A bite can have 450 PSI.
- Why shouldn't hydrogen peroxide be used in wounds over 6 hours old?
- Hydrogen peroxide impedes the growth of new cells in wounds of 6 hours old.
- What is the most critical condition in a bite wound?
- The avulsion caused in a bite wound creates pockets which lead to edema, abscess, and infection.
- What are the 2 main reasons for cast and bandange sores?
- Cast and bandage sores most commonly result from inadequate or loose packing.
- What is the treatment for injection related sloughing?
- Corticosteroids can be administered to combat the injection reaction or diuretics can be given to reduce excessive inflammation.
- What is the cause of injection related sloughing?
- Injection related sloughing can occur when drugs are administered in an area not capable of good absorption or given in an area with inadequate blood supply.
- What is the usual cause for chronic wounds?
- The usual cause for chronic wounds is debris.
- What is the cause of sinus tracts?
- Sinus tracts are caused by foreign bodies being deep in tissues, resulting in the body creating openings to rid itself of the debris.
- How are fistulas created?
- Fistulas are created from wounds healing from the outside in.
- What is an iatrogenic issue?
- An iatrogenic issue is one that is caused by the veterinary treatment team.
- What is the most common degloving injury?
- The most common degloving injury occurs from a tail shut in a door.
- What usually causes tendonitis?
- Tendonitis is usually caused by a tear or injury, most commonly from an overextension of muscles.
- What is the treatment for tendonitis?
- The treatment for tendonitis is rest and anti-inflammatories.
- What is the cause for a sprain?
- A sprain results from a tendon tear or joint swelling.
- What is a strain?
- A strain is a pulled muscle, usually occuring during expansion of a muscle beyond normal capacity.
- What are clostridial diseases that cause disease in the muscle system?
- Clostridial diseases affecting the muscle system include tetanus, botulism, gangrene, black leg, necrotic hepatitis, big head, and overeating disease.
- What is the laymen's term for tetanus?
- Tetanus is also called lockjaw.
- How does tetanus affect an animal?
- The bacteria creates a neurotoxin that affects jaw function and extension of the head.
- How does botulism affect an animal?
- Botulism produces a neurotoxin that causes respiratory paralysis.
- Which clostridial disease results after infestation of the liver by parasitic liver flukes?
- Necrotic hepatitis is seen in sheep after being infested by with liver flukes.
- What is the cause of the overeating disease?
- The cause of the overeating disease is a diet high in carbohydrates which creates an excessive growth of bacteria.