Equine anatomy-NECK
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- 1. What is the vertebral formula of the horse?
- C7 T18 L6 S5 Cd~15
- 2. What is the relationship of the cervical vertebrae to the dorsal midline?
- It is a gently sloping, backwards "S" type curve.
- 3. What are the anatomical differences of the nuchal ligament in the horse and the dog?
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Dog(1 part)-from spine of 1st thoracic vertebra to the spine of the axis
Horse (2 parts) Funiculus nuchae(cord-like)-from skull to spines of thoracic vertebrae of the whithers. Lamina nuchae (sheet-like)-from thoracic spines T2-T3 to cervical spines C2-C6 - 4. Where are the bursae located in relation to the nuchal and supraspinous ligaments?
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NUCHAL BURSAE(2)-cranial-btwn. the arch of the atlas and the funiculus nuchae. Caudal-btwn. the spine of the atlas and the funiculus nuchae
SUPRASPINOUS BURSA-over the whithers at the junction of the funiculus nuchae cranially and the supraspinous ligament caudally - 5. What clinical conditions involve these bursae?
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"Poll-evil": inflammation of the atlantal bursa (cranial nuchal bursa)
"Fistulous withers": inflammation of the supraspinous bursa - 6. What condition affects the cervical vertebrae causing compression of the spinal cord and ataxia in horses?
- "Wobbler's syndrome"
- 7. Where is the crest? What is the composition of the tissue in this area?
- It is located on the dorsal midline of the neck and is compsed of fat tissue.
- 8. Identify the topographic position of the wing of the atlas.
- -can be palpated near the base of the poll
- 9A. Identify the superficial muscles on the ventral surface of the neck.
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1. Cutaneous colli
2. Brachiocephalicus (2 parts)
a. cleidomastoideus
b. cleidobrachialis
3. Omotransversarius
4. Sternocephalicus
5. Sternothyrohyoideus (2 parts)
a. sternothyroideus
b. sternohyoideus - 9B. Identify the deep muscles on the ventral aspect of the neck.
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1. Omohyoideus
2. Longus capitis
3. Longus colli
a. cervical part
b. thoracic part
4. Scalenus - 9C. Identify the superfical muscles on the lateral surface of the neck.
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1. Trapezius
a. trapezius cervicis
b. trapezius thoracis
2. Rhomboidus
a. rhomboideus cervicis
b. rhomboideus thoracis
3. Splenius
4. Serratus ventralis
a. serratus ventralis cervicis
b. serratus ventralis thoracis - 9D. Identify the first deep layer of muscles on the lateral aspect of the neck.
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1. Semispinalis capitis
2. Longissimus capitis
> fused at origin
3. Longissimus atlantis
4. Longissimus cervicis - 9E. Identify the 2nd deep layer of muscle on the lateral aspect of the neck.
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1. Multifidus cervicis
2. Intertransversarii cervicis
3. Spinalis system - 10. What is the poll? Identify the cranial and caudal oblique muscles of the poll.
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1. Obliquus capitis caudalis
2. Obliquus capitis cranialis
3. Rectus capitis muscles
a. rectus capitis dorsalis major
b. rectus capitis dorsalis minor
c. rectus capitis ventralis
d. rectus capitis lateralis - 13. How many cervical nerves are present in the horse?
- 8 pairs
- 14. The accessory nerve has a dorsal and a ventral branch; which cervical muscles are innervated by each?
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Dorsal branch-trapezius
brachiocephalicus
omotransversarius
Ventral branch-sternocephalicus - 15. Where are the transverse nerve of the neck and the cervical branch of the facial nerve located?
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transverse nerve of the neck-?near C2?
cervical branch of the facial nerve-runs with the external jugular vein - 16. Identify the origin of the phrenic nerve and brachial plexus
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phrenic n.-ventral branches of C5, C6, and C7
brachial plexus-ventral branches of C6, C7, C8, T1 and T2
-deep to the scalenus muscle - 17. Identify the major vessels supplying the cervical musculature.
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1.Deep cervical artery
2.Vertebral artery - 18. Identify the superfical and deep cervical lymph nodes.
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1.superficial cervical lymph nodes-located near the deep aspect of the brachiocephalicus
2.Cranial deep cervical-trachea and around thyroid gland
middle deep cervical-middle of neck
caudal deep cervical-thoracic inlet - 19. Which muscles show a degree of fusion in the cervical region?
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1.Brachiocephalicus
2.Sternothyrohyoideus
3.Omohyoideus
4.Longissimus capitis and longissimus atlantis - 20. What is Viborg's triangle? What are its borders?
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It is a surgical landmark for gutteral pouch sx and the retropharyngeal lymph nodes lie in this region
borders: cranial-ramus of the mandible
ventral-linguofacial vein
dorsal-Sternocephalicus tendon - 21. What is the jugular groove? What are the borders of this groove?
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-the jugular vein can be found here
borders: dorsal-sternomastoideus m.
ventral-sternocephalicus m.
deep-omohyoideus m. - 22. What is the significance of the omohyoideus in the horse?
- -it supposedly "protects" the common carotid a. from deep venipuncture by acting as a barrier
- 23. What is the relationship of the trachea and esophagus throughout the cervical region?
- -the esophagus begins at the pharynx dorsal to the trachea, then moves to the left side at the level of C4 (can sometimes move ventrally to the trachea)
- 25. Where is the parathyroid gland of the horse located?
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1.internal parathyroid gland-usually lie in the vicinity of the cranial pole of the thyroid gland
2.external parathyroid glands-lie on the ventral surface of the trachea more caudally - 26. Which muscles form the groove of the cephalic vein?
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The lateral pectoral groove is formed by:
dorsal-cleidobrachialis
ventral-descending pectoral
the cephalic vein and deltoid br. of the superficial cervical a. lie in this groove - What are the structures contained in the carotid sheath?
- Common carotid artery, internal jugular (not always), Vagosympathetic trunk, recurrent laryngeal nerve
- What are the borders of the lateral pectoral groove? Which major venous structure is found in this groove? Which small arterial branch is also found in this groove?
- Dorsal: cleidobrachialis Ventral: Descending pectoral ; Cephalic vein and deltoid branch of superficial cervical artery are found in groove