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3.2 study guide terms

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James Henry Hammond
from Edgefield, South Carolina. Was not born on a plantation, did not come from a wealthy planter family, and didnʼt know anything about managing slaves. He got into slavery b/c he wanted money, and an inheritance. He got a 1,000 acre plantation and 150 slaves. Before James came along the slaves were loosely supervised. James learned how to deal with the new slaves by asking for advice and reading. He was told that you have to control their religion. Remove their feeling of humanity by controlling religion. Brought preacher in to tell them of duties of submission. Work was a battle also. Slaves used to a task system where they do one task a day. Hammons comes up with a gang system where they work all day with an overseer. Slaves donʼt like it so they start getting sick, working inefficiently and tools started getting broken or disappearing. Had to remove this system. Gave rations and expected loyal slaves but they stole from him. 53 slaves tried to runaway but none permanently escaped. Found that if you allowed slaves to have families and kept them together they were less likely to run away.
Missouri Compromise
Missouri applied for admission as a slave state in 1819. Certain Northern congressman put up an amendment to block th eadmission of Missouri. Their argument was that the founders of the US used slaves for the sake of national unity. They did not mean for ti to expand; they meant for it to die. Out. The admission of missouri would give the slave states control of the Senate. This would cause a disproportionate balance of power. A compromise was written that missouri would be admitted as a slaves state, maine would be admitted as a free state, and slavery would be excluded from the land above the 36/30 line from then on. Significant b/c it caused further separation within the parties.
William Henry Harrison
whig president who had the shortest term in American history. Died only 30 days after his inauguration
James K. Polk
was not expected to win the election of 1844. If he was to win he said they would being texas in as a slave state and may even take half of mexico. Also may expand to Pacific. he was true to his word and brought texas into the union as a slave state.
Mexican War
Mexican dispute over southern border of Texas leads to the war. Texas says that itʼs at the Rio Grande and Mexico claims that itʼs at the Nueces River. War started in 1845. US occupied Mexico city. Before the war started 30 million offered to by Nueces strip from Mexico. Mexico lost the war and secedes itʼs norther territories to the US (CA, AZ, NV, UT, NM) Significant b/c it was a war of expansion. The 48 states are now american territory. This causes a question of what to do about slavery in the new states.
Wilmot Proviso
a provisio attached by David Wilmot. Said that the north will appropriate money for the Mexican war on the condition that any territories acquired by this war will have slavery prohibited. The North knew that the Mexican war was a war of expansion but the south denied it. North said that if it was not a war of expansion this provisio should not be a problem. This provision failed and was not passed by congress. It was significant b/c it cause a vote on sectional lines and not party lines. It showed the weakness of the political parties.
Free Soil Party
a third party that showed up and gave Taylor (a whig) a victory in 1848. Itʼs only purpose was the stop the expansion of slavery into territories. They said free soil for free men.
ice milk and cherries
the cause of President Taylors death. significant b/c it allowed the compromise of 1850
Compromise of 1850
In 1850 California applied for statehood as a free state. This would have given free states control of the senate. This led to debates controlled by extremists and threats of secession until President Taylor died. The compromise was able to pass and it said that CA would be admitted as a free estate b/c there were not enough votes to block it. The south would get a Fugitive Slave Law. It said that a federal judge would oversee a hearing and anyone who helps a slave escape would be committing a felony and go to prison. Also, the slave trade would be be banned in Washington D.C. Significant b/c counter parts in the south began secession movement.
Fugitive Slave Act (1850)
It said that a federal judge would oversee a hearing and anyone who helps a slave escape would be committing a felony and go to prison. Also, the slave trade would be be banned in Washington D.C.
Uncle Tomʼs Cabin
published by Harriet Beecher Stowe. This book put a human face on slavery, hits people in their gut level and is significant b/c it brings more people into the anti-slavery movement.
fire eaters
people in the south who started to begin the secession movement in response to the compromise of 1850. they could not believe the south lost control of the Senate. They already lost the house long ago b/c of the norths higher population.
Stephen Douglas
a powerful influential senator who wanted the transcontinental railroad to go through chicago instead of st. louis
Kansas-Nebraska Act
sponsored by Stephen Douglas in 1854 would organize Kansas-Nebraska into an official territory north of Missouri. Nobody lived out there except for indians. Would open Kansas to slavery if the people wanted it. This would repeal the Missouri Compromise (territory north of the 36/30 line was not allowed to have slavery). This is significant b/c debate over this bill destroyed the Whig party & paved way for republicans.
Bleeding Kansas
border ruffians (a violent person) invade Kansas from Missouri, they commit election fraud. They wanted to make Kansas into a slave state. They committed voting fraud by intimidating people and resorted to violence if need be. Free soldiers invaded Kansas in response from New England. They armed themselves not b/c they dreamed of moving west and getting cheap land but so they could use their vote to stop the expansion of slavery. Town of Lawrence was sacked by pro-slavery forces.
Preston Brooks
a junior congressman who beat Sumner on the Senate floor for insulting his Uncle, Senator Butler. Sumner said Butler was “sleeping with the prostitute, slavery”. After asking for advice he was told to attack him since Sumner was not acting like a gentleman. Brooks walked up behind him and started beating him with his cane. Sumner is badly injured and almost died. Cannot reenter the floor due to post-traumatic stress disorder. Sumner became a martyr for the abolitionist cause. “look at how they act” saying they are wild animals. Brooks received a hundred canes to replace the one that was used to beat Sumner. Significant b/c it shows how sensitive a topic slavery was at this point in time.
Dred Scott v. Sanford
Dred Scott was a slave in Missouri. His master took him and his common law wife to a free territory. They gave birth to a baby while they were in free territory. Scott sued for freedom based on residence in the territory. It was illegal for his master to take him into free territory. Therefore he should be free for being taken into the free territory. The ruling was made ten years later and Dred Scott was dead by the tim eit made it into the Supreme Court. The ruling was that first of all Scott was a slave and could not sue. Second, African Americans can never be citizens. Third, congress cannot bar slavery from territories. Fourth, they would say the Calhoun was right. and the court gave Southerners everything they wanted.
Republican Party
emerged in 1854. They picked up Northern whigs and absorbed Free soilers. They were committed to stopping the expansion of slavery. They lost the election of 1856 but realized it could win on a strictly sectional vote. Republicans became a strictly sectional party and only campaigned in the North.
John Brown
was a radical and violent abolitionist. He started out his career at the Pottawatomie Creek in retaliation of the proslavery forces sacking the free soil town of Lawrence during the Bleeding Kansas. He is most famous his raid on Harpers Ferry. Which was an attempt to start an armed slave revolt by seizing a US arsenal at harpers ferry.
Election of 1860
Democrats had two conventions and could not agree on a candidate. The south was split three ways. The first convention was in Charleston. There Douglass was the obvious choice . However, he was too soft on the expansion of slavery issue. Douglass cant do it. Breckenridge would alienate northern voters; He was very pro slavery. So they nominated someone else. The Constitutional party nominated John Bell. They wanted to save the union. If they could win border states then they could prevent a majority election and throw it to the House to prevent secession. Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln. They ran a sectional campaign and it was enough to win the election with 59% of the electoral vote & only 40% of the popular vote.

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