Anthropology final exam
Terms
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- power
- the ability of individuals or groups to impose their will upon others and make them do things even against their own wants or wishes
- political organization
- The way power is distributed and embedded in society; the means through which a society creates and maintains social order and reduces social disorder
- band
- A relatively small and loosely organized kin-ordered group that inhabits ans specific territory and may split periodically into smaller extended family groups that are politically independent
- tribe
- in anthropology, refers to a range of kin-ordered groups that are politically integrated by some unifying factor and whose members share a common ancestry, identity, culture, language, and territory
- segmentary lineage system
- A rare form of kin-ordered organization in which a tribal group is split into several branches made up of clans or major lineages, each of which is further divided into minor lineages and minimal lineages
- chiefdom
- A regional polity in which two or more local groups are organized under a single chief, who is at the head of a ranked hierarchy of people
- state
- a centralized political system that has the capacity and authority to make laws and use force to maintain social order
- nation
- A people who share a collective identity based on a common culture, language, territorial base, and history
- cultural control
- control through beliefs and values deeply internalized in the minds of individuals
- social control
- External control though open coercion
- sanctions
- externalized social controls designed to encourage conformity to social norms
- Original Study: Limits on Power in Bedouin Society
- moral virtues gain respect, position of power has gima (social standing), tyranny not tolerated for long, Nafla faked being possessed to lead to a divorce from an unwanted marriage
- law
- formal negative sanctions
- negotiation
- use of direct argument and compromise by the parties to a dispute to arrive voluntarily at a mutual satisfactory agreement
- mediation
- settlement of a dispute through negotiation assisted by an unbiased 3rd party
- adjudication
- mediation with an unbiased third party making the ultimate decision
- Anthropology Applied: Dispute Resolution and the Anthropologist
- William Ury - independent negotiation specialist, Fisher and Ury co-wrote "Getting to Yes: Negotiating without Giving In" Program of Negotiation (PON) at Harvard was cofounded by these two as well
- Laura Nader
- 1st female anthro faculty at Berkeley, known for cross cultural research on law, justice, and social control and their connection to power structures, studied Zapotecs in Mexico,
- legitimacy
- the right of political leaders to govern - to hold, use, and allocate power - based on the values a particular society holds
- worldview
- collective body of ideas that members of a culture generally share concerning the ultimate shape and substance of their reality
- religion
- An organized system of ideas about spiritual reality or the supernatural, along with associatied beliefs and ceremonial practices by which people try to interpret and control aspects of the universe otherwise beyond their control.
- spirituality
- concern with the sacred, as distinguished from material matters. In contrast to religion, spirituality is often individual rather than collective and does not require a distinctive format or traditional organization
- polytheism
- Belief in several gods and/or goddesses (as contrasted with montheism - belief in one god or goddess
- pantheon
- the several gods and goddesses of a people
- animism
- A belief that nature is enlivened or energized by ditinct personalized spirit beings seperate from bodies
- animatism
- A belief that nature is enlivened or enegized by an impersonal spiritual power or supernatural potency
- priest or priestess
- A full time religious specialist formally recognized for his or her role in guiding the religious practices of others and for contacting and influencing supernatural powers
- shaman
- A person who entersan altered state of consciousness-at will-to contact and utilize an ordinarilly hidden reality in order to acquire knowlege, power, and to help others
- Healing Among the Ju/'hoansi of the Kalahari
- spirits affect humans by shooting them with an invisible arrows that bring misfortune. Healers have the n/um force to heal
- rites of passage
- rituals that mark important stages in an individual's life cycle, such as birth, marriage, and death
- separation
- In rites of passage, the ritual removal of the individual from society
- transition
- In rites of passage, isolation of the individual following separation and prior to incorporation into society
- incorporation
- In rites of passage, reincorporation of the individual into society in his or her new status
- rites of intensification
- Rituals that take place during a crisis in the life of the group and serve to bind individuals together.
- imitative magic
- Magic based on the principle that like produces like, aka sympathetic magic
- contagious magic
- Magic based on the principle that things once in contact can influence each other after the contact is broken
- witchcraft
- An explanation of events based on the belief that certain individuals possess an innate psychic power capable of causing harm, including sickness and death
- divination
- A magical procedure or spiritual ritual designed to find out about what is not knowable by ordinary means, such as foretelling the future by interpreting omens.
- Reconciling Modern Medicine with Traditional Beliefs in Swaziland
- In Swaziland illness is believed to caused by sorcery or loss of ancestoral protection. Traditional healings is beneficial as it causes less stress. Compromising between modern and traditional healing is a benefit
- revitalization movements
- Movements for radical cultural reform in response to widespread soical disruption and collective feelings of anxiety and despair
- cargo cults
- Spiritual movements in Melanesia in reaction to disruptive contact with Western capitalism promising resurection of deceased relatives, destruction or enslavement of white foreigners, and the magical arrival of utopian riches
- art
- the creative use of the human imagination to interpret, express, and enjoy life
- The Modern Tattoo Community
- tattoos have historically been a social sign. Otzi is the earliest found person with tattoos in the upper Paleolithic ear (10,000 to 35,000 years ago). Today is a personal identity statement.
- entopic phenomena
- bright, pulsating geometric forms that are generated by the central nervous system and seen in states of trance
- iconic images
- Visions of animals, people, and monsters seen in the deepest state of trance
- folklore
- A 19th century term first used to denote the unwritten stories, sayings, beliefs, and customs of the European peasants and later extended to those traditions preserved orally in all societies
- folkloristics
- study of folklore
- myth
- A sacred narrative that explains the fundamentals of human existence
- legend
- A story about a memorable event handed down by tradition and told as true but without historical evidence
- epic
- A long oral narrative, sometimes in poetry or rythmic prose, recounting the events in the life of a real or legendary person
- tale
- a creative narrative recognized as fiction for entertainment
- motif
- a story situation in a folktale
- ethnomusicology
- The study of a society's music in terms of its cultural setting
- tonality
- In music, scale systems and their modifications
- Frederica de Laguna
- fieldwork in Greenland and SE Alaska. revitalized the endangered culture of the Yakutat
- acculturation
- massive cultural changes that people are forced to make as consequence of intensive firsthand contact between their own group and another, often more powerful, society
- primary innovation
- The creation, invention, of chance discovery of a completely new idea, method, or device
- secondary innovation
- A new and deliberate application or modification of an existing idea, method, or device
- diffusion
- The spread of certain ideas, customs, or practices from one culture to another
- cultural loss
- the abandonment of an existing practice or trait
- genocide
- the extermination of one people by another, often in the name of progress, either as a deliberate act or as the accidental outcome of activities carried out by one people with little regard for their impact on others
- syncretism
- In acculturation, the blending of indigenous and foreign traits to form a new system
- rebellion
- organized armed resistance to an established government of authority in power
- revolution
- Radical change in a society or culture. In the political arena, it refers to the forced overthrow of an old government and establishment of a completely new one
- modernization
- process of political and socioeconomic change, whereby developing societies acquire some of the cultural characteristics of Western industrialized societies
- structural differentiation
- the division of singel traditional roles that embrace two or more fuctions into two or more roles, each with a single specialized function
- intergrative mechanisms
- Cultural mechanisms that oppose forces for differentiation in a society; in modernizing socieities, they include formal government structures, official state idealogies, political parties, legal codes, labor and trade unions, and other common-interest associations
- tradition
- customary ideas and practices passed on from generation to generation, which in a modernizing society may form an obstacle to new ways of doing things
- Violence against Indians in Brazil
- Baniwa Gersen Luciano Santos - leader; 2 villains - racisim and impunity; increase in violence year by year
- Eric R Wolf
- comparitive historicial studies on peasants, power, and transforming impactof capitalism on traditional nations. Won a silver star for combat bravery, in 1990 received MacArthur 'genius' prize
- multiculturalism
- public policy for managing cultural diversity in a multi-ethnic society, officially stressing mutual respect and tolerance for cultural differences within a country's borders
- Advocacy for the rights of indengenous people
- In US an advocacy group is Cultural Survival, Inc. which helps the indingenous people adapt and inderstand what is happening.
- Standardizing the Body: The Question of Choice
- The average age for breast implants is 36 and has an average of 2 children. Patriarchal capitalism,
- structural power
- power that organizes and orchestrates the systematic interaction within and among societies, directing economic and political forces on the one hand and ideological forces that shapepublic ideas, values, and beliefs on the others.
- hard power
- coercive power that is backed up by economic and military force
- soft power
- pressing others through attraction and persuasion to change their ideas, beliefs, values, and behaviors.
- Arjun Appadurai
- territorial boundaries increasingly irrelavent with 'cultural flows', 5 scapes" Ethnoscapes, technoscapes, financescapes, mediascapes, and ideoscapes
- structural violence
- physical and/or psychological harm (including repression, environmental destruction, poverty, hunger, illness, premature death) caused by expoitative and unjust social, political, and economic systems
- replacement reproduction
- When birth rates and death rates are in equilibrium