mcb2010c 2

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a bacteria without a cell wall: protoplast
a population of cells which arise from a single cell: colony
a small circular piece of DNA: plasmid
a substance that inhibits or kills microbes on animal tissues: antiseptic
allows for motility of bacteria: flagella
singular: flagellum
an agent that kills microbes: germicide
-cide means to kill
are obligate, intracellular parasites that infect all organisms: viruses
are the same as flagella but much smaller and usually all around the cell: cilia
average generation time for tuberculosis: 3 days to 6 weeks
average generation time for bacteria: 20 minutes
varies from 10 minutes to 3 days
can be made of DNA or RNA, but never both: viral nucleic acid
can be used interchangeable with disinfection: decontamination
phase where the number of deaths exceeds the number of new cells formed; cells die logarithmically: death phase
condition at which the species grows best: optimal condition
contain storage forms of food: granules
how was the discovery of viruses found: through filtration
do bacteria have cilli: no
do viruses have metabolism: no
do viruses ingest food or excrete waste: no
do viruses reproduce and are they susceptible to mutation: yes
phase where bacteria multiply at the fastest rate possible under the conditions provided: log phase
found in tears, mucous, and wbc's and also destroys the cell wall of bacteria: lysozyme
function is to transfer DNA: pili
singular: pilus
types of media for culturing: gelatin-Koch
agar-Hesse
good for media that cannot be boiled or autoclaved: filtration
help the virus attach to the bacterial cell wall: tail and tail fibers
how many chromosomes do bacteria have: 1
inhibits growth of bacterial without killing them: bacteriostatic
killing bacteria: bactericidal
the process of killing pathogenic microbes on or in a material without necessarily sterilizing it. implies to inanimate objects(fomites): disinfection
kills bacteria by not allowing the cell wall to grow and prohibits cell division: penicillin
3 types of myxoviruses: influenza
measles
mumps
phase which has little or no cell division, but metabolic activity is high: lag phase
a gelatinous covering; slime layer: capsule
refers to all the fluid substances enclosed in the cell membrane: cytoplasm
the process of removing an object or substance free of all viable microbes: sterilization
removing or inactivating pathogenic microbes and their toxic products: decontamination
site of antibiotic activity: cell wall
the orderly increase in the quantity of all components of the bacterial cell: growth
the site of ATP production: mitochondria
the site of protein synthesis: ribosomes
the time required for a cell to divide and its population to double: generation time
phase where there is an equillibrium between cell division and death: stationary phase
name for viruses without an envelope: naked
a complex, semirigid structure responsible fo the shape of the cell: cell wall
instrument used to determined turbidity by measuring the amount of light that passes through a suspension of cells: spectrophotometer
to be living: viable
2 ways to isolate a single colony: streak plate method
pour plate method
the process of freezing and drawing out all water: lyophilization (freeze-drying)
freezing temp: 0 degrees C
freezer temp: -20 degrees C
human body temp: 37 degrees C
boiling temp: 100 degrees C
meaning of -philes: to love
cold-loving microbes -5 to 20 degrees C: psychrophiles
moderate-temperature-loving microbes 20 to 50 degrees C: mesophiles
heat-loving microbes 50 to 90 degrees C: thermophiles
optimal pH: 7 (5-8)
the overall concentration inside and outside the cell is the same: isotonic solution
feeders on others that require an organic carbon source: heterotrophs
self-feeders that use CO2: autotrophs
5 mineral requirements: N,S,P,Na,K
a type of respiration which does not use oxygen and may even be killed by it: anaerobe
organisms that require oxygen to live: obligate aerobes
organisms that utilize oxygen if available but if not, can utilize something else: facultative anaerobes
organisms that require small amounts of oxygen (2-10%): microaerophiles
are pathogenic to all organisms: viruses
arrangement with a single polar flagellum: monotrichous
arrangement with a tuft of flagella at both ends of the cell: amphitrichous
name which describes bacteria which produce capsules: antiphagocytic
a special resistant, dormant structure formed within a cell that protects a bacterium from adverse environmental conditions: endospore
arrangement with two or more flagella at one pole of the cell: lophotrichous
instructor calls it a ponytail
arrangement where the flagella is distributed over the entire cell: peritrichous
all populations in a habitat: community
all organisms together with their abiotic environment: ecosystem
the study of the interrelationships between organisms and their environment: ecology
the role an organism plays in the community: ecological niche
also known as producers: plants
also known as consumers: animals
also known as decomposers: bacteria
a culture media that involves growth of obligate anaerobes: reducing culture
a culture media that involves suppression of unwanted microbes; encouraging desired microbes: selective media
a culture media that makes it easier to distinguish colonies of the desired organism from other colonies growing on the same plate: differential media
usually liquid and provides nutrients and environment conditions that favor the growth of a particular microbe but not others: enrichment culture
reproduction where bacteria form a small initial outgrowth that enlarges until its size approaches that of the parent cell, and then it separates: budding
any material prepared for the growth of bacteria in a lab: culture medium
microbes that grow and multiply in or on a culture medium of bacterial: culture
media in which the exact chemical composition is known: chemically defined media
media in which the exact chemical composition varies slightly from batch to batch: complex media
media used to distinguish among different organisms: differential media
normal reproductive method in which a single cell divides into two identical cells: binary fission
reproduction by aerial spore formation or fragmentation: budding
the ability of an organism to move by itself: motility
destruction caused by rupture of the plasma membrane and the loss of cytoplasm: lysis
a gram-negative bacterium treated to damage the cell wall, resulting in a spherical cell: spheroplast
the double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in an eukaryotic cell: nuclear envelope
a virus that infects bacterial cells: phage
a protein subunit of a viral capsid: capsomere
a complete, fully developed viral particle: virion
a granule that stores inorganic phosphate and stains red with certain blue dyes: metachromatic granule
a small circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome: plasmid
represents a reserve of inorganic phosphate that can be used in the synthesis of ATP: volutin
an extension of an eukaryotic cell that aids in locomation and feeding: pseudopod
the protein coat of a virus that surrounds the nucleic acid: capsid
an organic catalyst: enzyme
a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes (outside cell) than an isotonic solution: hypertonic solution
a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes (outside the cell) than an isotonic solution: hypotonic solution
the transfer of a chemical group from one molecule to another; transamination: group transference
organic molecules; usually a vitamin: coenzyme
a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water is released: dehydration synthesis
the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a living cell: metabolism
the building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones; utilization of ATP to make things for the cell: anabolism
the breakdown of food for energy; glucose to ATP: catabolism
an enzyme consisting of an apoenzyme and a cofactor: holoenzyme
the removal of hydrogen or electrons: oxidation
oxidase
the addition of hydrogen or electrons: reduction
reductase
the removal of CO2 from a carboxyl, -COOH , group: decarboxylation
decaboxylase
the addition of a phosphate group to an organic molecule: phosphorylation
the protein portion of an enzyme: apoenzyme
the removal of an amino group, -NH2 , from an amino acid to form ammonia: deamination
criteria used to determine the causative agent of infectious diseases: Koch's postulates
the process of endospore formation within a vegetative (parent) cell: sporulation or sporogenesis
process when cellular projections called pseudopods engulf particles and bring them into the cell: phagocytosis
is usually spherical or oval, is frequently the largest structure in the cell and contains almost all the cell's hereditary information (DNA): nucleus
what are the three types of inhibition on enzymes: competitive
feedback
repressible
controlled inhibition within the cell; excess product ties up the enzyme leading to its production and no one else: feedback inhibition
inhibitor where the substance looks like the substrate: competitive inhibitor
type of respiration which uses oxygen: aerobe
meaning of photo-: light
meaning of -synthesis: the assembly of organic compounds
a complex polysaccharide derived from a marine alga and has long been used in foods like jellies and ice cream: agar
shallow dishes with a lid that nests over the bottom to prevent contamination: petri dishes
their DNA (genetic material) is not enclosed within a membrane and is one circular chromosome: prokaryotes
their DNA is not associated with histones: prokaryotes
they lack membrane-enclosed organelles: prokaryotes
their cell walls almost always contain the complex polysaccharide peptidoglycan: prokaryotes
they usually divide by binary fission: prokaryotes
means prenucleus: prokaryotes
means true nucleus: eukaryotes
their DNA is found in the cell's nucleus, which is separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane and the DNA is found in multiple chromosomes: eukaryotes
their DNA is consistently associated with chromosomal proteins called histones and with nonhistones: eukaryotes
they have a number of membrane-enclosed organelles, including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes, and somtimes chloroplasts: eukaryotes
their cell walls, when present, are chemically simple: eukaryotes
they usually divide by mitosis (replication to make two identical cells): eukaryotes
substances that can speed up a chemical reaction without being permanently altered themselves: catalysts
an intracellular enzyme: endoenzyme
an extracellular enzyme: exoenzyme
ex: amylase
usually inorganic metal like Fe and Zn: cofactor
enzyme required for reaction to occur: holoenzyme
all of the insomatic activities that occur within a cell: metabolism
how are enzymes named: 1 by the substrate that they act upon
2 by the type of reaction they catalyze
the substrate that act upon protein: proteinase
includes casein, pepsin and rennin
the substrate that act upon carbohydrate: carbohydrase
includes lactose to lactase
the substrate that act upon lipids: lipase
the substrate that act upon urea: urease
the removal of H: dehydration
dehydrogenase
inhibition where the enzyme ceases to be made when the product is present: repressible inhibition
the introduction of water; splits the substrate (hydrolysis): hydration
removal of water: dehydration
the conversion to isomeric forms: isomeration
spikes made of protein: peplomeres
plasmids that can integrate themselves into the chromosomal DNA of the host organism: episomes
the 4 steps of koch's postulates: 1 the same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
2 the pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
3 the pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible lab animal
4 the pathogen must be isolated from this inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism
disease-causing: pathogenic
the most frequently used method of measuring bacterial populations: plate count
a type of direct measurement of microbial growth that has the advantage of measuring the number of viable cells: plate count
a type of direct measurement of microbial growth that has a disadvantage because it usually takes 24 hours or more for visible colonies to form: plate count
a method of inoculating a solid nutrient medium by mixing bacteria in the melted medium and adding the medium into a petri dish to solidify: pour plate method
a method of isolating a culture by spreading microorganisms over the surface of a solid culture medium: streak plate method
the steps of the lytic cycle of viruses: 1 attachment-phage attaches to host cell
2 penetration-phage penetrates host cell and injects its DNA
3 biosynthesis-phage DNA directs synthesis of viral components by the host cell
4 maturation-viral components are assembled into virions
5 release-host cell lyses and new virions are released
the viral cycle that ends with lysis and death of the host cell: lytic cycle
the viral cycle where the host cell remains alive: lysogenic cycle
the steps of the lysogenic cycle: 1 attachment-phage attaches to host cell and injects its DNA
2 phage DNA circularizes
3 phage DNA integrates within the bacterial chromosome by recombination, becoming a prophage
4 lysogenic bacterium reproduces normally
5 occasionally, the prophage may excise from the bacterial chromosome by another recombination event, initiating a lytic cycle
4 methods of maintaining anaerobic organisms: 1 using an anaerobic incubator
2 using an anaerobic jar with water and catalyst
3 using thioglycollate broth
4 using the hospital cultures (ex- gc and chlamydia)
which organisms are never isolated on media: Leprosy-Mycobacterium leprae
Rickettsieae
Syphillis-Treponema pallidum
steps of binary fission: 1 duplication of internal structures including DNA and ribosomes
2 materials go to ends of the cell
3 cytoplasmic membrane begins to invaginate
4 cell wall begins to invaginate
5 cell separates
to enclosed or become enclosed in: invaginate
the causative agent of anthrax: bacillus anthracis
5 examples of products used for enriched compositions: 1 blood
2 beef extract
3 yeast extract
4 serum
5 chocolate-haemophilus
gangrene is an example of what type of organism: anaerobic organism
ultaviolet radiation cannot penetrate what material: glass
how long should fomites be boiled: at least 10 minutes
how long should organisms be autoclaved: for 30 minutes at 121 degrees C at 15 pounds of pressure
how long should organisms be pasteurized: at low temperatures of 60 degrees C for 30 minutes
was used with wine; now also used with milk and beer: pasteurization
type of method for microbial control of endospores: tyndallization
how long should organisms be tyndallized: for 30 minutes for 3 days at 100 degrees C
an example of dry heating (glassware, equipment): using the dishwasher
due to the risk of fatality, you should never mix what 2 chemical agents: chlorine(clorox) and ammonia
examples of 7 chemical agents: 1 alcohol
2 chlorine-clorox
3 iodine-especially with alcohol
4 formaldehyde-for all organisms
5 phenol-phenol coefficient
6 lysol-NH4 chloride
7 hexachlorophene-especially against Staph. aureus
also called the exponential phase: log phase
an additional growth factor (blood for haemophilius): fastidious
what are the 5 criterias that biological organisms must meet: 1 they must reproduce
2 they must ingest food substances and metabolize the food for energy and growth
3 they, in turn, must excrete waste
4 they must react to changes in the environment (known as irritability)
5 they must be susceptible to mutations
1 have no metabolism 2 they do not ingest food nor excrete waste 3 they do not respond to their environment 4 they can reproduce and are therefore, susceptible to mutations: viruses
2 shapes of viral capsids: icoshedron-20 sided polyhedrial (cubical)
helical
since there is no taxonomy(classification) for viruses how are they grouped: 1 by type of nucleic acid(DNA or RNA)
2 their shape
3 if they are enveloped or naked
without a ______ the organism would be a glob: cell wall
contains a bilayer of protein and phospholipids: cell membrane
drug resistance is carried on _____: plasmids
the _____ of bacteria determines the gram reaction: cell wall
gram _____ bacteria have a 3 dimensional lattice-work that retains the crystal violet after being treated with acetone-alcohol: positive
gram _____ bacteria loose the crystal violet because of the layering of the cell wall components, which contain large amounts of lipids(which are dissolve by the alcohol): negative
also called the cell membrane or plasma membrane: cytoplasmic membrane
also called episomes: plasmids
an enzyme that destroys penicillin and located on a plasmid: penicillinase
store phospate to be used for ATP production: volutin granules
a name for organisms that are unable to be engulf by wbc's: antiphagocytic
examples of bacteria that produce capsules: pneumonia-S. pneumoniae
tooth cavities-S. mutans
transfer DNA material from one bacteria to another: pili
examples of bacteria that can produce spores: botulism
tetanus
substrate + enzyme = _____: product(s)
this solution may cause the cell to burst if the wall is weak or damaged (lysis): hypotonic solution
this soultion moves water out of the cell and causes its cytoplasm to shrink (plasmolysis): hypertonic solution
what is the only type of solution that a cell can live in: isotonic solution
used by organisms for conjugation: pili
special chromosomal proteins found in eukaryotes: histones
an environment where no nutrients are added and no waste is taken away: closed growth environment
a symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives on or in another organism and harms that organism(the host): parasitism
house the viral nucleic acid: capsid
exception to the koch's postulate rule: embryonated chicken egg or HeLa cells
3 ways to count the increase in cell mass of organisms: 1 weight-lyophilize
2 amount of one component-protein
3 turbidity-spectophotometer
3 ways to count the increase in cell number: 1 plate count
2 pour plate-viable
3 direct microscopic count-counting chamber-viable and nonviable
organisms that utilize high salt concentrations to grow: halophiles
from ocean
3 examples of sugars: jams,jellies,molds
4 heat methods of microbial control: 1 incinerating
2 boiling
3 dry heating
4 autoclaving
2 radiation methods of microbial control: 1 gamma rays-cobalt
2 ultraviolet radiation-absorbed by nucleic acids
are specific: enzymes
2 things that are not specific: 1 coenzymes
2 cofactors
made of protein and RNA: ribosomes
a site for antibiotic action: ribosomes
storage for excess sugars: granules
contain starch or glycogen: granules
originate inside the cell from a basal body then grow outside the cell through a structure called a hook: flagella
the process by which a hypertonic solution causes the cytoplasm to shrink(plasmolysis): crenation
a nonliving object that can spread infection: fomite
2 reactions that must occur together: oxidation and reduction
means false feet: pseudopod
the loss of its characteristic 3-dimiensional structue (tertiary configuration): denaturation
table sugar (sucrose) is the substrate of the enzyme _____: sucrase
the names of enzymes usually ends in -_____: -ase
nonprotein component of an enzyme: cofactor
5 steps of the mechanism of enzymatic action: 1 the substrate contacts the active site on the enzyme to form
2 an enzyme-substrate complex
3 the substrate is then transformed into products
4 the products are released
5 the enzyme is recovered unchanged
4 factors that influence the activity of an enzyme: 1 temperature-increases as temp increases
2 pH
3 substrate concentration
4 the presence/absence of inhibitors (competitive and noncompetitive)

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